Improved clouds over Southern Ocean amplify Antarctic precipitation response to ozone depletion in an earth system model

Improved clouds over Southern Ocean amplify Antarctic precipitation response to ozone depletion in an earth system model
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南大洋上空云层的改善放大了地球系统模型中南极降水对臭氧消耗的响应

DOI:
10.1007/s00382-020-05346-8
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
4.6
通讯作者:
Lenaerts, Jan
Lenaerts, Jan
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Schneider, David P.;Kay, Jennifer E.;Lenaerts, Jan

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在气候变暖的情况下,南极冰盖(AIS)降水的增加有可能部分减轻南极洲对海平面上升的贡献。我们的研究表明,在社区地球系统模式(CESM)中,一个简单的、物理驱动的浅层对流云相位变化——改善了南大洋上空短波云强迫的长期偏差——会导致降水响应的增强,当模式被施加于实际的平流层臭氧消耗,而其他辐射强迫保持不变时。我们分析了两个使用CESM 1.1版本的臭氧强迫集合实验:一个使用模式的标准版本,另一个使用云修改版本。标准版在AIS上的降水量增加了34亿吨/年;云修正版增加109gt年。经过云层修改的版本显示,西风急流和风暴路径全年向极地移动更为强劲,与标准版本相比,这给AIS系统带来了更多的降水。更大的地表增温和更大振幅的驻波进一步增加了南极降水响应。云修正版本的增温增强可以用更大的正短波云反馈来解释,而增强的极向急流移则与对流层上层-平流层下层的经向温度梯度增强有关。这些结果说明:(1)南极降水强迫变化对气候模式平均状态的敏感性;(2)大气动力学在驱动强迫降水响应方面的强大作用。
Increasing precipitation on the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) in a warming climate has the potential to partially mitigate Antarctica’s contribution to sea level rise. We show that a simple, physically motivated change to the shallow convective cloud phase in the Community Earth System Model (CESM)—improving a long-standing bias in shortwave cloud forcing over the Southern Ocean—leads to an enhanced response of precipitation when the model is forced with realistic stratospheric ozone depletion, with other radiative forcing remaining constant. We analyze two ozone-forced ensemble experiments with the CESM version 1.1: one using the standard version of the model and the other using the cloud-modified version. The standard version exhibits a precipitation increase on the AIS of 34 gigatons year−1; the cloud-modified version shows an increase of 109 Gt year−1. The cloud-modified version shows a more robust, year-round poleward shift in the westerly jet and storm tracks, which brings more precipitation to the AIS, compared to the standard version. Greater surface warming and larger-amplitude stationary waves further increase the Antarctic precipitation response. The enhanced warming in the cloud-modified version is explained by larger positive shortwave cloud feedbacks, while the enhanced poleward jet shift is associated with a stronger meridional temperature gradient in the upper troposphere—lower stratosphere. These results illustrate (1) the sensitivity of forced changes in Antarctic precipitation to the mean state of a climate model and (2) the strong role of atmospheric dynamics in driving that forced precipitation response.
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