Hazardous off-gassing of carbon monoxide and oxygen depletion during ocean transportation of wood pellets.
Hazardous off-gassing of carbon monoxide and oxygen depletion during ocean transportation of wood pellets.
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DOI：
10.1093/annhyg/men013
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发表时间：
2008-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Melin S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Svedberg U;Samuelsson J;Melin S
五艘远洋船舶进行了调查，以表征和量化从加拿大到瑞典的封闭货舱中的木质颗粒海洋运输过程中排放的气体化合物。这项研究是在瑞典发生一起致命事故后开始的，当时有几人在出院时受伤。调查的目的是更好地了解废气排放和与工人接触有关的问题。在运输过程中和即将排放之前，在木屑颗粒上方的未受干扰的顶部空间空气中和每个舱口附近的楼梯中进行空气采样。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和直接阅读仪器对样品进行分析。在五艘船舶的样本中检测到以下化合物和范围：一氧化碳（CO）1460-14650 ppm，二氧化碳（CO2）2960-21570 ppm，甲烷79.9-956 ppm，丁烷当量63-842 ppm，乙烯2-21.2 ppm，丙烯5.3-36 ppm，乙烷0-25 ppm和醛2.3-35 ppm。氧含量在0.8%至16.9%之间。楼梯间的浓度几乎和货舱一样高，表明两个空间之间的空气通道相当自由。在装载后一周内就达到了潜在危险的大气层。得出的结论是，木材颗粒在密闭空间的海洋运输可能会产生缺氧的气氛和致命水平的CO，可能会泄漏到邻近的访问空间。极高水平的CO和减少的氧气的危险组合产生了快速作用的有毒组合。在进入与木质颗粒货物舱口有空气连通的空间之前，测量CO与氧气的结合是必不可少的。在进入之前，必须对楼梯进行强制通风。重新设计通道门、上锁和贴标签，制定严格的进入程序，培训船上船员和远洋船舶登船人员，也很重要。
Five ocean vessels were investigated for the characterization and quantification of gaseous compounds emitted during ocean transportation of wood pellets in closed cargo hatches from Canada to Sweden. The study was initiated after a fatal accident with several injured during discharge in Sweden. The objective with the investigation was to better understand the off-gassing and issues related to workers' exposure. Air sampling was done during transport and immediately before discharge in the undisturbed headspace air above the wood pellets and in the staircase adjacent to each hatch. The samples were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and direct reading instruments. The following compounds and ranges were detected in samples from the five ships: carbon monoxide (CO) 1460–14650 ppm, carbon dioxide (CO2) 2960–21570 ppm, methane 79.9–956 ppm, butane equivalents 63–842 ppm, ethylene 2–21.2 ppm, propylene 5.3–36 ppm, ethane 0–25 ppm and aldehydes 2.3–35 ppm. The oxygen levels were between 0.8 and 16.9%. The concentrations in the staircases were almost as high as in the cargo hatches, indicating a fairly free passage of air between the two spaces. A potentially dangerous atmosphere was reached within a week from loading. The conclusions are that ocean transportation of wood pellets in confined spaces may produce an oxygen deficient atmosphere and lethal levels of CO which may leak into adjacent access spaces. The dangerous combination of extremely high levels of CO and reduced oxygen produces a fast-acting toxic combination. Measurement of CO in combination with oxygen is essential prior to entry in spaces having air communication with cargo hatches of wood pellets. Forced ventilation of staircases prior to entry is necessary. Redesign, locking and labeling of access doors and the establishment of rigorous entry procedures and training of onboard crew as well as personnel boarding ocean vessels are also important.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Svedberg, URA;Högberg, HE;Galle, B
通讯作者：
Galle, B
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Sharpe, SW;Johnson, TJ;Johnson, PA
通讯作者：
Johnson, PA
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Griffith, DWT
通讯作者：
Griffith, DWT