Measuring social equity in urban energy use and interventions using fine-scale data.
Measuring social equity in urban energy use and interventions using fine-scale data.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2023554118
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发表时间：
2021-06-15
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Ohlsen M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tong K;Ramaswami A;Xu CK;Feiock R;Schmitz P;Ohlsen M
城市在住宅低碳能效和节能项目中寻求收入和种族公平。然而，经验数据是有限的；先前的分析表明，按收入计算的能源使用强度差距为∼25%(即低收入家庭的能源使用强度比高收入家庭高25%)，而种族差异是无法量化的。涵盖美国两个城市所有∼200,000个家庭的最新经验精细空间尺度能源使用数据，以及对温度敏感的EUI的分离，显示出按收入(27%至167%)和种族(40%至156%)划分的EUI差异很大。这些收入差距比之前报道的25%的收入差距高出五倍。新的分析提供了关于能源使用不平等的关键见解，拆解了种族和收入，为公平的能效投资提供了空间优先顺序。城市寻求对城市内部能源使用不平等的细致入微的理解，同时解决收入和种族问题，以指导对气候行动的公平投资。然而，全国性的能源消耗调查是有限的(美国有6,000个样本)，公用事业部门提供的数据高度汇总。有限的先前分析表明，按收入计算的能源使用强度差距为∼25%，而种族差异既没有量化，也没有从收入中分离出来。这篇论文使用了覆盖美国两个城市所有20万户家庭的新的经验精细空间尺度数据，并分离了对温度敏感的EUI，揭示了城市内部EUI差距比先前已知的大5倍。我们发现：1)最低收入阶层和最高收入阶层的年度EUI值分别为1.27%和1.66%(分别高出27%和66%)，而以前的文献仅显示∼差异25%；2)种族效应与收入不同，其中最低收入阶层中的非白人群体(最高五分之一非白人比例)报告的年度EUI值比不那么多样化的群体高出∼40%，这提供了对种族差异的经验估计；3)分离对温度敏感的EUI暴露出更大的差异，最低收入区块组的供热-制冷电力EUI高达最高收入区块组的2.67倍(167%)，以及最低收入阶层中高度种族差异，其中高非白人(>；75%)人口区块组报告的EUI高达多数白区组的2.56倍(156%)；以及4)数据聚合影响不平等衡量的空间尺度。象限分析是为了指导碳减排和公平的能源投资的空间优先顺序。这些方法有可能被移植到其他城市和公用事业单位。
Cities seek income and racial equity in residential low-carbon energy efficiency and conservation programs. However, empirical data are limited; prior analyses suggest disparity in energy use intensity (EUI) by income is ∼25% (i.e., 25% greater EUI in low- versus high-income homes), while racial disparities are unquantified. New empirical fine spatial scale energy use data covering all ∼200,000 households in two US cities, along with separation of temperature-sensitive EUI, reveal large EUI disparities by income (27 to 167%) and race (40 to 156%). These disparities are up to a factor of five greater than the 25% income disparity previously reported. New analytics provide key insights on energy use inequality unpacking race and income, informing spatial prioritization for equitable energy efficiency investments. Cities seek nuanced understanding of intraurban inequality in energy use, addressing both income and race, to inform equitable investment in climate actions. However, nationwide energy consumption surveys are limited (<6,000 samples in the United States), and utility-provided data are highly aggregated. Limited prior analyses suggest disparity in energy use intensity (EUI) by income is ∼25%, while racial disparities are not quantified nor unpacked from income. This paper, using new empirical fine spatial scale data covering all 200,000 households in two US cities, along with separating temperature-sensitive EUI, reveals intraurban EUI disparities up to a factor of five greater than previously known. We find 1) annual EUI disparity ratios of 1.27 and 1.66, comparing lowest- versus highest-income block groups (i.e., 27 and 66% higher), while previous literature indicated only ∼25% difference; 2) a racial effect distinct from income, wherein non-White block groups (highest quintile non-White percentage) in the lowest-income stratum reported up to a further ∼40% higher annual EUI than less diverse block groups, providing an empirical estimate of racial disparities; 3) separating temperature-sensitive EUI unmasked larger disparities, with heating–cooling electricity EUI of lowest-income block groups up to 2.67 times (167% greater) that of highest income, and high racial disparity within lowest-income strata wherein high non-White (>75%) population block groups report EUI up to 2.56 times (156% larger) that of majority White block groups; and 4) spatial scales of data aggregation impact inequality measures. Quadrant analyses are developed to guide spatial prioritization of energy investment for carbon mitigation and equity. These methods are potentially translatable to other cities and utilities.
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