Sex roles and adult sex ratios: insights from mammalian biology and consequences for primate behaviour

Sex roles and adult sex ratios: insights from mammalian biology and consequences for primate behaviour
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性别角色和成年性别比例:哺乳动物生物学的见解以及对灵长类动物行为的影响

DOI:
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发表时间:
2017
期刊:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
P. Kappeler
P. Kappeler
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文献类型:
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作者:
P. Kappeler

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在不同分类群中的理论模型和经验研究已经确定了性别角色的变化与种群中成年男女的数量(成年性比(ASR))之间的重要联系。在这篇综述中,我研究了非人类灵长类动物中的这些关系。由于现有的大多数性别角色进化的理论模型都集中在性别偏见行为的进化起源上,它们只为预测性别角色在物种之间和物种内的变化提供了一个一般的框架。我认为,在这些更具体的层面上考察性别角色差异的研究需要考虑社会组织,以确定衡量ASR的有意义的水平,并考虑到ASR和性别角色相互影响的事实。此外,特定于分类单元的生活史特征可以限制性别角色的灵活性,并通过指定雌性从繁殖开始的最短时间来影响可操作的性别比(OSR)。使用灵长类文献中的例子,我强调了在估计ASR和OSR时的实际问题。然后,我认为,间接的父性照料形式的种间差异可能确实与ASR的差异有关。一些研究还表明,女性的攻击性和亲和力,以及两性关系的组成部分,对ASR的变化很敏感。因此,灵长类性别角色和性别比例之间的联系值得进一步研究,这样的研究可能会促使更具体的理论模型的发展,这些模型对特定分类单元的生活史和社会组织做出现实的假设。这篇文章是《成人性别比例和生育决定:人类和动物社会性别差异的批判性重新审视》主题的一部分。
Theoretical models and empirical studies in various taxa have identified important links between variation in sex roles and the number of adult males and females (adult sex ratio (ASR)) in a population. In this review, I examine these relationships in non-human primates. Because most existing theoretical models of the evolution of sex roles focus on the evolutionary origins of sex-biased behaviour, they offer only a general scaffold for predicting variation in sex roles among and within species. I argue that studies examining sex role variation at these more specific levels need to take social organization into account to identify meaningful levels for the measurement of ASR and to account for the fact that ASR and sex roles mutually influence each other. Moreover, taxon-specific life-history traits can constrain sex role flexibility and impact the operational sex ratio (OSR) by specifying the minimum length of female time outs from reproduction. Using examples from the primate literature, I highlight practical problems in estimating ASR and OSR. I then argue that interspecific variation in the occurrence of indirect forms of paternal care might indeed be linked to variation in ASR. Some studies also indicate that female aggression and bonding, as well as components of inter-sexual relationships, are sensitive to variation in ASR. Thus, links between primate sex roles and sex ratios merit further study, and such studies could prompt the development of more specific theoretical models that make realistic assumptions about taxon-specific life history and social organization. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.
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