Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms.
Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnsys.2022.1086680
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Garraghty, Preston E. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mowery, Todd M. M.;Garraghty, Preston E. E.
关键词：
虽然神经可塑性现在被广泛研究，但有一段时间，成人可塑性的想法与主流背道而驰。最基本的障碍来自于胡贝尔和威勒的开创性实验，他们提出了令人信服的证据，证明在发育过程中存在一个可塑性的关键时期，在此之后，大脑失去了根据感觉输入的变化而变化的能力。尽管时代精神认为成熟的大脑相对不易改变，但在科学文献中出现了许多成人神经可塑性的例子。有趣的是，这些研究中最早的一些涉及成年猫的视觉可塑性。甚至在更早的时候，有报道称，成年大鼠的体感丘脑在背柱损伤后出现了功能重组，这一发现得到了进一步的实验证实和扩展。为了证明这些发现不仅仅反映了对中枢损伤的反应，并且为了更好地控制感觉丧失的程度，使用外周神经损伤来消除上行感觉信息，同时保持中枢通路完整。梅尔泽尼希、卡斯及其同事利用外周神经横断揭示了灵长类动物躯体感觉皮层的明确重组。此外，这些研究人员还表明，这种可塑性至少分为两个阶段，一个是即时的，另一个是长期的。这些发现得到证实，并扩展到更广泛的皮质剥夺，并进一步扩展到丘脑和脑干。随后，一系列实验开始揭示允许这种可塑性的生理、形态和神经化学机制。最终，Mowery及其同事进行了一系列实验，仔细跟踪了外周神经损伤后几个时间点灵长类动物体感皮层中谷氨酸（AMPA和NMDA）和GABA（GABAA和GABAB）受体复合物几个亚基的表达水平。这些受体亚基定位实验表明，膜表达水平反映了关键期发育早期的水平。这表明，在长时间的感觉剥夺条件下，成体细胞恢复到关键时期，如可塑状态，即，发育重演在这里，我们概述了驱动这一现象的生物学。
Although neural plasticity is now widely studied, there was a time when the idea of adult plasticity was antithetical to the mainstream. The essential stumbling block arose from the seminal experiments of Hubel and Wiesel who presented convincing evidence that there existed a critical period for plasticity during development after which the brain lost its ability to change in accordance to shifts in sensory input. Despite the zeitgeist that mature brain is relatively immutable to change, there were a number of examples of adult neural plasticity emerging in the scientific literature. Interestingly, some of the earliest of these studies involved visual plasticity in the adult cat. Even earlier, there were reports of what appeared to be functional reorganization in adult rat somatosensory thalamus after dorsal column lesions, a finding that was confirmed and extended with additional experimentation. To demonstrate that these findings reflected more than a response to central injury, and to gain greater control of the extent of the sensory loss, peripheral nerve injuries were used that eliminated ascending sensory information while leaving central pathways intact. Merzenich, Kaas, and colleagues used peripheral nerve transections to reveal unambiguous reorganization in primate somatosensory cortex. Moreover, these same researchers showed that this plasticity proceeded in no less than two stages, one immediate, and one more protracted. These findings were confirmed and extended to more expansive cortical deprivations, and further extended to the thalamus and brainstem. There then began a series of experiments to reveal the physiological, morphological and neurochemical mechanisms that permitted this plasticity. Ultimately, Mowery and colleagues conducted a series of experiments that carefully tracked the levels of expression of several subunits of glutamate (AMPA and NMDA) and GABA (GABAA and GABAB) receptor complexes in primate somatosensory cortex at several time points after peripheral nerve injury. These receptor subunit mapping experiments revealed that membrane expression levels came to reflect those seen in early phases of critical period development. This suggested that under conditions of prolonged sensory deprivation the adult cells were returning to critical period like plastic states, i.e., developmental recapitulation. Here we outline the heuristics that drive this phenomenon.
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