Rethinking the Analysis of the Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of an Epoxy Polymer near and above the Glass Transition

Rethinking the Analysis of the Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of an Epoxy Polymer near and above the Glass Transition
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重新思考玻璃化转变附近和之上环氧聚合物的线性粘弹性行为的分析

DOI:
10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02634
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
5.5
通讯作者:
Caruthers, James M.
Caruthers, James M.
中科院分区:
化学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ni, Yelin;Song, Hosup;Wilcox, Daniel A.;Medvedev, Grigori A.;Boudouris, Bryan W.;Caruthers, James M.

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在这篇文章中,我们提出了一种不同的方法来分析线性粘弹性弛豫数据,这种方法更忠实于基础物理学,并且自然地适应了在玻璃形成聚合物中观察到的热流变复杂性。具体地,评价用4,4 ′-亚甲基二苯胺固化的双酚A环氧树脂的二缩水甘油醚的线性粘弹性行为,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为101.5 ℃。在90 ~ 180 °C的19个温度范围内,在10 ~(-2)~ 101.7Hz的频率范围内测量了动态储能模量和损耗模量。在90 - 112.5 °C的温度范围内,使用应力松弛实验将实验窗口扩展了两个数量级。这种单相聚合物的G ′和G ″响应是热流变学上复杂的,因此排除了通过时间-温度叠加来构建主曲线。确定弛豫谱的传统方法隐含地假设谱密度恒定,其中谱强度随弛豫时间而变化。本文提出的替代方法是假设在谱密度改变的情况下,个体谱贡献具有恒定的强度。这种替代方法是在更好的协议与介电弛豫的物理和容易占热流变的复杂性。使用这种新的方法,松弛图的个人松弛时间如何随温度的变化已经开发,这是唯一的松弛信息,可以合理地从粘弹性等温线提取。双酚A环氧树脂的弛豫图显示了高温α+过程、主α转变和过量翼之间的平滑转变,其中没有弛豫区域表现出Arrhenius行为。
In this communication, we propose a different approach for analyzing linear viscoelastic relaxation data that is more faithful to the underlying physics and naturally accommodates the thermorheological complexity that is observed in glass-forming polymers. Specifically, the linear viscoelastic behavior was evaluated for a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy cured with 4,4′-methylenedianaline with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 101.5 °C. The dynamic storage and loss moduli were measured from 10–2to 101.7Hz for 19 temperatures between 90 and 180 °C. The experimental window was extended by two orders of magnitude using stress relaxation experiments for temperatures between 90 and 112.5 °C. TheG′ andG″responses for this single-phase polymer are thermorheologically complex, thus precluding the construction of master curves via time–temperature superposition. The traditional method of determining the relaxation spectrum implicitly assumes a constant spectral density where the spectral strength changes with the relaxation time. An alternative approach presented herein is to assume that individual spectral contributions have a constant strength where the spectral density changes. This alternative approach is in better agreement with the physics of dielectric relaxation and readily accounts for thermorheological complexity. Using this new approach, a relaxation map of how the individual relaxation times change with temperature has been developed, which is the only relaxation information that can be rationally extracted from viscoelastic isotherms. The relaxation map for the bisphenol-A epoxy shows a smooth transition between the high temperature α+ process, the main α transition, and the excess wing, where none of the relaxation regions exhibit Arrhenian behavior.
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DOI: --
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