Accumulation of pharmaceuticals, Enterococcus, and resistance genes in soils irrigated with wastewater for zero to 100 years in central Mexico.
Accumulation of pharmaceuticals, Enterococcus, and resistance genes in soils irrigated with wastewater for zero to 100 years in central Mexico.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0045397
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Siemens J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dalkmann P;Broszat M;Siebe C;Willaschek E;Sakinc T;Huebner J;Amelung W;Grohmann E;Siemens J
用废水灌溉会释放出药物、致病菌和抗性基因，但几十年来，人们对这些污染物在环境中的积累知之甚少。我们对墨西哥Mezquital山谷的土壤进行了从零到100年的不同灌溉，并对土壤进行了时间顺序采样，研究了环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、磺胺甲恶唑、甲氧苄啶、克拉霉素、卡马西平、贝扎贝特、萘普生、双氯芬酸的积累情况，以及肠球菌、sul和qnr抗性基因的发生情况。19 ~ 28年土壤环丙沙星、磺胺甲新唑和卡马西平的总浓度随灌溉时间的延长而增加，分别达到上限1.4µg/kg（环丙沙星）、4.3µg/kg（磺胺甲新唑）和5.4µg/kg（卡马西平）的95%。土壤积累具有土壤类型特异性，细上土的积累速率最大，垂直土的积累速率无时间趋势。酸性药物（双氯芬酸、萘普生、贝扎贝特）没有被保留，因此没有在土壤中积累。我们没有检测到qnrA基因，但在两种灌溉土壤中发现了qnrS和qnrB基因。灌溉土壤中sul1基因的相对浓度（3.15×10−3±0.22×10−3 copies/16S rDNA）比未灌溉土壤（4.35×10−5±1.00×10−5 copies/16S rDNA）高2个数量级，而sul2基因的相对浓度仍比未灌溉土壤高22个数量级（6.61×10-4±0.59×10−4 vs 2.99×10−5±0.26×10−5 copies/16S rDNA）。随着灌洗时间的延长，sul基因的绝对数量以及肠球菌23S rDNA和总16S rDNA含量继续增加。土壤中抗生素总浓度的增加并不伴随着抗性基因相对丰度的增加。然而，由于长期增加了总微生物量，废水灌溉增加了土壤中抗性基因的绝对浓度。
Irrigation with wastewater releases pharmaceuticals, pathogenic bacteria, and resistance genes, but little is known about the accumulation of these contaminants in the environment when wastewater is applied for decades. We sampled a chronosequence of soils that were variously irrigated with wastewater from zero up to 100 years in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico, and investigated the accumulation of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, carbamazepine, bezafibrate, naproxen, diclofenac, as well as the occurrence of Enterococcus spp., and sul and qnr resistance genes. Total concentrations of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine increased with irrigation duration reaching 95% of their upper limit of 1.4 µg/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.3 µg/kg (sulfamethoxazole), and 5.4 µg/kg (carbamazepine) in soils irrigated for 19–28 years. Accumulation was soil-type-specific, with largest accumulation rates in Leptosols and no time-trend in Vertisols. Acidic pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, bezafibrate) were not retained and thus did not accumulate in soils. We did not detect qnrA genes, but qnrS and qnrB genes were found in two of the irrigated soils. Relative concentrations of sul1 genes in irrigated soils were two orders of magnitude larger (3.15×10−3±0.22×10−3 copies/16S rDNA) than in non-irrigated soils (4.35×10−5±1.00×10−5 copies/16S rDNA), while those of sul2 exceeded the ones in non-irrigated soils still by a factor of 22 (6.61×10–4±0.59×10−4 versus 2.99×10−5±0.26×10−5 copies/16S rDNA). Absolute numbers of sul genes continued to increase with prolonging irrigation together with Enterococcus spp. 23S rDNA and total 16S rDNA contents. Increasing total concentrations of antibiotics in soil are not accompanied by increasing relative abundances of resistance genes. Nevertheless, wastewater irrigation enlarges the absolute concentration of resistance genes in soils due to a long-term increase in total microbial biomass.
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影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Figueroa-Diva, Raquel A.;Vasudevan, Dharni;MacKay, Allison A.
通讯作者：
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DOI：
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影响因子：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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