Single low-dose primaquine for blocking transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria - a proposed model-derived age-based regimen for sub-Saharan Africa.

Single low-dose primaquine for blocking transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria - a proposed model-derived age-based regimen for sub-Saharan Africa.
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用于阻断恶性疟原虫疟疾的传播的单剂量primaquine - 拟建了撒哈拉以南非洲的基于模型的基于年龄的疗法。

DOI:
10.1186/s12916-017-0990-6
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发表时间:
2018-01-18
期刊:
影响因子:
9.3
通讯作者:
Mukaka M
Mukaka M
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Taylor WR;Naw HK;Maitland K;Williams TN;Kapulu M;D'Alessandro U;Berkley JA;Bejon P;Okebe J;Achan J;Amambua AN;Affara M;Nwakanma D;van Geertruyden JP;Mavoko M;Lutumba P;Matangila J;Brasseur P;Piola P;Randremanana R;Lasry E;Fanello C;Onyamboko M;Schramm B;Yah Z;Jones J;Fairhurst RM;Diakite M;Malenga G;Molyneux M;Rwagacondo C;Obonyo C;Gadisa E;Aseffa A;Loolpapit M;Henry MC;Dorsey G;John C;Sirima SB;Barnes KI;Kremsner P;Day NP;White NJ;Mukaka M

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2012年,世界卫生组织建议在治疗无并发症的恶性疟疾患者时,用单次低剂量伯氨喹(SLDPQ,目标剂量0.25 mg碱/kg体重)阻断恶性疟原虫的传播,而不进行葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症(G6 PDd)检测。我们试图开发一种适合撒哈拉以南非洲地区的基于年龄的SLDPQ方案。使用伯氨喹(PQ)的抗感染效力和耐受性、贫血的流行病学以及PQ诱导的急性溶血性贫血(AHA)和临床显著性贫血(CSA)的风险数据,我们前瞻性地定义了1-5岁儿童的治疗剂量范围为0.15-0.4 mg PQ碱/kg,≥6岁个体的治疗剂量范围为0.15-0.5 mg PQ碱/kg(治疗指数分别为2.7和3.3)。我们为6-11个月的婴儿选择1.25 mg PQ基础,因为他们的基线贫血率最高,AHA和CSA的风险最高。我们通过Box-Cox转换幂指数对661,979名年龄≥6个月的非洲个体(549,127名健康个体,28,466名疟疾患者和84,386名患有其他感染/疾病的个体)的人体测量数据库进行建模,并测试了1-15 mg碱的PQ剂量,根据计算的mg/kg PQ剂量选择给药组。根据Box-Cox转换幂指数模型,选择了五个年龄类别:㈠ 6至11个月(n = 39,886,6.03%),(ii)1-5年(n = 261,036,45.46%),(iii)6-9岁(n = 20,770,3.14%),(四)10-14岁(n = 12,155,1.84%)和(v)≥15岁(n = 328,132,49.57%)接受1.25、2.5、5、7.5和15 mg PQ碱,对应中位值(第1和第99百分位数)mg/kg PQ碱:(i)0.16(0.12-0.25),(ii)0.21(0.13-0.37),(iii)0.25(0.16-0.38),(iv)0.26(0.15-0.38)和(v)0.27(0.17-0.40)。预计接受最佳治疗PQ剂量的个体比例分别为:73.2(29,180/39,886)、93.7(244,537/261,036)、99.6(20,690/20,770)、99.4(12,086/12,155)和99.8%(327,620/328,132)。我们计划在一项大型随机安慰剂对照试验(ISRCTN 11594437)中测试这种基于年龄的给药方案在0.5 - 11岁G6 PDd非洲儿童中的安全性。如果该方案是安全的,并证明了足够的药代动力学,它应该被用来支持消除疟疾。本文的在线版本(doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0990-6)包含补充材料,可供授权用户使用。
In 2012, the World Health Organization recommended blocking the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum with single low-dose primaquine (SLDPQ, target dose 0.25 mg base/kg body weight), without testing for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd), when treating patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. We sought to develop an age-based SLDPQ regimen that would be suitable for sub-Saharan Africa. Using data on the anti-infectivity efficacy and tolerability of primaquine (PQ), the epidemiology of anaemia, and the risks of PQ-induced acute haemolytic anaemia (AHA) and clinically significant anaemia (CSA), we prospectively defined therapeutic-dose ranges of 0.15–0.4 mg PQ base/kg for children aged 1–5 years and 0.15–0.5 mg PQ base/kg for individuals aged ≥6 years (therapeutic indices 2.7 and 3.3, respectively). We chose 1.25 mg PQ base for infants aged 6–11 months because they have the highest rate of baseline anaemia and the highest risks of AHA and CSA. We modelled an anthropometric database of 661,979 African individuals aged ≥6 months (549,127 healthy individuals, 28,466 malaria patients and 84,386 individuals with other infections/illnesses) by the Box–Cox transformation power exponential and tested PQ doses of 1–15 mg base, selecting dosing groups based on calculated mg/kg PQ doses. From the Box–Cox transformation power exponential model, five age categories were selected: (i) 6–11 months (n = 39,886, 6.03%), (ii) 1–5 years (n = 261,036, 45.46%), (iii) 6–9 years (n = 20,770, 3.14%), (iv) 10–14 years (n = 12,155, 1.84%) and (v) ≥15 years (n = 328,132, 49.57%) to receive 1.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 15 mg PQ base for corresponding median (1st and 99th centiles) mg/kg PQ base of: (i) 0.16 (0.12–0.25), (ii) 0.21 (0.13–0.37), (iii) 0.25 (0.16–0.38), (iv) 0.26 (0.15–0.38) and (v) 0.27 (0.17–0.40). The proportions of individuals predicted to receive optimal therapeutic PQ doses were: 73.2 (29,180/39,886), 93.7 (244,537/261,036), 99.6 (20,690/20,770), 99.4 (12,086/12,155) and 99.8% (327,620/328,132), respectively. We plan to test the safety of this age-based dosing regimen in a large randomised placebo-controlled trial (ISRCTN11594437) of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in G6PDd African children aged 0.5 − 11 years. If the regimen is safe and demonstrates adequate pharmacokinetics, it should be used to support malaria elimination. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0990-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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