The speed of sound in silk: linking material performance to biological function.
The speed of sound in silk: linking material performance to biological function.
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DOI：
10.1002/adma.201401027
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发表时间：
2014-08-13
影响因子：
29.4
通讯作者：
Windmill, James F. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mortimer, Beth;Gordon, Shira D.;Holland, Chris;Siviour, Clive R.;Vollrath, Fritz;Windmill, James F. C.
因此，理解蜘蛛丝声波特性的物理基础将是理解机械和信号性能之间进化相互作用的关键。纤维传播纵波（压缩/拉伸）和横波，[7]前者由沿着纤维长度的振动组成，后者由垂直于纤维的振动组成。[8]理论表明，纵向波速度由材料特性决定，而横向波速度另外由施加的张力决定。[9]然而，这些力学性能是复杂的，迄今为止，实验测量和分析还没有完全阐明波在丝绸中的传播行为。蜘蛛丝和蜘蛛网的声波特性在自然界中很难测量，因为振动“景观”非常复杂，涉及不同张力和类型的相互作用的丝线的几何形状。[10-12]以前的研究已经使用布里渊光散射测量了网络部分的波速，并使用激光测振仪测量了网络传播速度，两者都显示了可变的结果。[5，13]还测量了腹板中的振动传播距离，显示出与横波相比，纵波的衰减较低。[5，14，15]考虑到波在网中传播的实验测量的明显复杂性，我们在这里研究了独立于网的丝纤维，允许材料和振动特性之间的精确匹配。我们的研究将物理理论与激光测振和弹道冲击的补充实验技术相结合，以确认一系列材料的声学特性的物理基础。通过将蜘蛛丝与其他材料进行比较，我们可以推断出材料结构对信号特性演变的限制。这些限制是显而易见的，我们讨论的手段，蜘蛛可能采用调整结构支持和信号功能之间的平衡。这里提出的实验技术为理解复杂的网络振动和蜘蛛进化提供了新的贡献，我们的方法为自然界设计的刺激响应多功能聚合物材料提供了重要的见解。为了证实基本波动方程的物理基础的蜘蛛丝纤维的声波性能的适用性，纵向和横向的波速首先实验测量使用激光测振仪和高速弹道冲击。然后将这些结果置于使用激光测振仪测试的一系列材料的背景下（与我们之前的高速弹道冲击工作[16]一起），然后将它们与其理论值进行比较（图1）。所有测试材料的纵向波速都是从两种独立的实验技术计算出来的，并且与理论非常吻合，从而验证了我们的方法（图1a）。弹道撞击高速率数据显示
Hence, understanding the physical basis of spider silk’s sonic properties will be key to understanding the evolutionary interactions between mechanical and signalling performance. Fibers propagate both longitudinal (compression/tension) and transverse waves,[7] where the former consists of vibrations along the fiber length, and the latter those perpendicular to the fiber.[8] Theory shows that the longitudinal wavespeed is determined by material properties, whereas transverse wavespeed is additionally governed by applied tension.[9] However, these mechanical properties are complex, and to-date, experimental measurements and analyses have not fully elucidated wave propagation behavior in silks. The sonic properties of a spider’s silk and web are difficult to measure in Nature as the vibrational ‘landscape’is highly complex involving the geometry of interacting silk strands of different tensions and types.[10–12] Previous studies have measured wavespeeds in parts of the web using Brillouin light scattering, and web propagation speeds using laser vibrometry, both showing variable results.[5, 13] Vibration propagation distance has also been measured in webs, showing lower attenuation of longitudinal compared to transverse waves.[5, 14, 15] Given the apparent complications in experimental measurements of wave propagation in webs, we here investigate silk fibers independent of the web, allowing accurate matching between material and vibrational properties. Our study combines physical theory with the complementary experimental techniques of laser vibrometry and ballistic impact to confirm the physical basis of the sonic properties of a range of materials. By comparing spider silk to other materials, we can infer the constraints on the evolution of signalling properties in terms of material structure. Where these limitations are apparent, we discuss the means that the spider might employ to adjust the balance between structural support and signalling functions. The experimental techniques presented here provide novel contributions towards understanding complex web vibration and spider evolution and our approach provides important insights into Nature’s design of stimuli-responsive multifunctional polymeric materials. In order to confirm the applicability of basic wave equations to the physical basis for sonic properties of spider silk fibers, longitudinal and transverse wavespeeds are first experimentally measured using laser vibrometry and high-rate ballistic impact. These results are then placed within the context of a range of materials tested using laser vibrometry (alongside our previous high rate ballistic impact work [16] before they are all compared to their theoretical values (Figure 1). The longitudinal wavespeed for all materials tested was calculated from the two independent experimental techniques and shows close agreement to theory, thus validating our approach (Figure 1 a). The ballistic impact high-rate data show some
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影响因子：
56.9
作者：
MASTERS, WM;MARKL, H
通讯作者：
MARKL, H
影响因子：
2
作者：
FROHLICH, C;BUSKIRK, RE
通讯作者：
BUSKIRK, RE
DOI：
10.1007/bf00619124
发表时间：
1982-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
BARTH, FG;GEETHABALI
通讯作者：
GEETHABALI
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
MASTERS, WM
通讯作者：
MASTERS, WM
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Drodge, Daniel R.;Mortimer, Beth;Siviour, Clive R.
通讯作者：
Siviour, Clive R.