The Eurozone’s Evolving Fiscal Ecosystem: Mitigating Fiscal Discipline by Governing Through Off-Balance-Sheet Fiscal Agencies

The Eurozone’s Evolving Fiscal Ecosystem: Mitigating Fiscal Discipline by Governing Through Off-Balance-Sheet Fiscal Agencies
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欧元区不断演变的财政生态系统:通过表外财政机构治理缓解财政纪律

DOI:
10.1080/13563467.2021.1910648
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
4.2
通讯作者:
Steffen Murau
Steffen Murau
中科院分区:
经济学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Guter-Sandu;Andrei;Steffen Murau

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最初的马斯特里赫特制度设计欧元区财政部门的方式是,通过市场力量约束成员国财政预算,减少公共债务总量,禁止货币融资,避免欧元区各国财政互相救助,从而保持成员国财政预算平衡。在这篇文章中,我们分析了这些“新自由主义”的财政治理规则是如何逐渐被另一种方法所取代的,我们称之为“通过表外财政机构治理”(OBFA)。OBFA是特殊目的的工具,在支持公共投资、为银行提供偿付能力保险、为其他国库提供最后手段的资本保险以及扩大安全资产存量方面对国库起到补充作用。通过赞助OBFA,美国国债可以用“或有”负债(不出现在资产负债表上的担保)取代其资产负债表上的“实际”负债,这可能与欧盟的新自由主义财政规则相冲突。国家和超国家的国库和OBFA共同形成了一个“财政生态系统”,在这个生态系统中,新自由主义的财政规则得到了重新强调,但在实践中却越来越受到削弱。这一新的欧元区财政治理模式不仅体现在2010年以来实施的多项政策中--例如复苏和弹性基金--而且也是许多欧元区改革提案的主要战略。
The original Maastricht regime designed the Eurozone’s fiscal segment in a way that sought to keep member states’ treasury budgets balanced by disciplining them through market forces, reducing the overall volume of public indebtedness, prohibiting monetary financing, and avoiding that Eurozone treasuries bail each other out. In this article, we analyse how these ‘neoliberal’ rules for fiscal governance have been gradually superseded by an alternative approach that we call ‘governing through off-balance-sheet fiscal agencies’ (OBFAs). OBFAs are special purpose vehicles that complement treasuries in supporting public investment, offering solvency insurance for banks, providing capital insurance of last resort for other treasuries, and expanding the stock of safe assets. By sponsoring OBFAs, treasuries can substitute ‘actual’ liabilities on their balance sheets, which are potentially in conflict with the EU’s neoliberal fiscal rules, with ‘contingent’ liabilities – guarantees that do not appear on-balance-sheet. Together, national and supra-national treasuries and OBFAs form a ‘fiscal ecosystem’ in which neoliberal fiscal rules get re-emphasised but in practice are increasingly mitigated. This new mode of Eurozone fiscal governance is reflected not only in multiple policies implemented since 2010 – the Recovery and Resilience Facility for example – but also represents the main strategy in many Eurozone reform proposals.
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