An adaptive teosinte mexicana introgression modulates phosphatidylcholine levels and is associated with maize flowering time.
An adaptive teosinte mexicana introgression modulates phosphatidylcholine levels and is associated with maize flowering time.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2100036119
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发表时间：
2022-07-05
影响因子：
11.1
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中科院分区：
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尽管基因研究已经进行了世纪，但我们对玉米适应新环境的惊人能力的遗传基础的理解仍处于起步阶段。最近在许多作物中的工作已经指出渐渗在支持适应中的潜在重要作用，但是缺乏通过渐渗产生的适应性位点的明确例子。在这里，我们阐明了一个主要的代谢数量性状位点（QTL），我们映射到一个单一的基因，HPC 1的进化历史。高原HPC 1的改变是玉米中的墨西哥大刍草基因渗入的结果，导致高磷脂酰胆碱水平并通过加速开花来改善适应性。美洲原住民驯化的玉米（Zea mays ssp. mays）从低地小颖大刍草（Zeamays ssp.小颖花（parviglumis）在墨西哥西南部温暖的地区，并将其带到墨西哥和南美洲的高地，在那里它暴露在较低的温度下，对开花时间施加了强烈的选择。磷脂是植物对低温和磷素有效性反应的重要代谢产物，并被认为影响开花时间。在这里，我们将连锁图谱与基因组扫描相结合，以确定高磷脂酰胆碱1（HPC 1），一个编码磷脂酶A1酶的基因，作为高原玉米磷脂变异的主要驱动因素。常见的花园实验表明，强大的基因型与环境的相互作用与HPC 1的变化，与高地HPC 1等位基因导致更高的健身在高地，可能是通过加速开花。由于高度保守序列的多态性，高地玉米HPC 1变体导致编码蛋白的功能受损。对HPC 1直系同源物的荟萃分析表明，该位置的氨基酸身份与原核生物的最佳生长之间存在强烈关联。通过基因组编辑突变HPC 1验证了其在调节磷脂代谢中的作用。最后，我们表明，高原HPC 1等位基因进入栽培玉米的渗入从野生高原大刍草玉米ssp。mexicana，并且已经在来自北方美国、加拿大和欧洲的玉米育种系中保持。因此，HPC 1基因渗入墨西哥大刍草的基础上一个大的代谢QTL，调节磷脂酰胆碱水平，并有一个适应性的影响，至少部分通过诱导早开花时间。
Despite more than a century of genetic research, our understanding of the genetic basis of the astounding capacity of maize to adapt to new environments is in its infancy. Recent work in many crops has pointed to the potentially important role for introgression in underpinning adaptation, but clear examples of adaptive loci arising via introgression are lacking. Here, we elucidate the evolutionary history of a major metabolic quantitative trait locus (QTL) that we mapped down to a single gene, HPC1. Alterations in highland HPC1 are the result of a teosinte mexicana introgression in maize, leading to high phosphatidylcholine levels and improving fitness by accelerating flowering. Native Americans domesticated maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) from lowland teosinte parviglumis (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) in the warm Mexican southwest and brought it to the highlands of Mexico and South America where it was exposed to lower temperatures that imposed strong selection on flowering time. Phospholipids are important metabolites in plant responses to low-temperature and phosphorus availability and have been suggested to influence flowering time. Here, we combined linkage mapping with genome scans to identify High PhosphatidylCholine 1 (HPC1), a gene that encodes a phospholipase A1 enzyme, as a major driver of phospholipid variation in highland maize. Common garden experiments demonstrated strong genotype-by-environment interactions associated with variation at HPC1, with the highland HPC1 allele leading to higher fitness in highlands, possibly by hastening flowering. The highland maize HPC1 variant resulted in impaired function of the encoded protein due to a polymorphism in a highly conserved sequence. A meta-analysis across HPC1 orthologs indicated a strong association between the identity of the amino acid at this position and optimal growth in prokaryotes. Mutagenesis of HPC1 via genome editing validated its role in regulating phospholipid metabolism. Finally, we showed that the highland HPC1 allele entered cultivated maize by introgression from the wild highland teosinte Zea mays ssp. mexicana and has been maintained in maize breeding lines from the Northern United States, Canada, and Europe. Thus, HPC1 introgressed from teosinte mexicana underlies a large metabolic QTL that modulates phosphatidylcholine levels and has an adaptive effect at least in part via induction of early flowering time.
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