Water affordability and human right to water implications in California.
Water affordability and human right to water implications in California.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0245237
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Balazs C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Goddard JJ;Ray I;Balazs C
水的可负担性是获得水的核心，但仍然是一个衡量的挑战。加州在2012年将安全和负担得起的水的人权神圣化，但问题仍然存在：如何在全州范围内衡量水的负担能力？本文分三个步骤对这一问题作出了贡献。首先，我们确定水的可负担性措施的关键方面（包括规模，水量需要满足“基本”的需求，和负担能力的标准）和一个跨领域的主题（社会公平）。其次，使用这些维度，我们为中等、贫困和深度贫困的家庭制定了三个在供水系统规模上衡量的负担能力比率（即，贫困线的一半）收入，并估计处于这些收入水平的家庭的相应百分比。考虑到具体负担能力衡量标准的已知局限性，使用多种衡量标准可以更全面地反映负担能力。第三，我们分析了我们的结果分解的一个关键特征的水系统的可持续性-水系统的大小。我们发现，中等收入家庭相对负担得起水。然而，我们发现，在很大一部分供水系统中，贫困家庭负担不起。我们确定了几种对水权具有不同政策影响的情景，例如水费高昂的非常小的系统和大型供水系统中的低收入家庭。我们还描述了数据缺口如何使理论理想复杂化，并在人权方面存在障碍。本文提出了一个系统的方法来衡量负担能力，并代表了第一次全州范围内的水负担能力评估加州的社区供水系统。
Water affordability is central to water access but remains a challenge to measure. California enshrined the human right to safe and affordable water in 2012 but the question remains: how should water affordability be measured across the state? This paper contributes to this question in three steps. First, we identify key dimensions of water affordability measures (including scale, volume of water needed to meet ‘basic’ needs, and affordability criteria) and a cross-cutting theme (social equity). Second, using these dimensions, we develop three affordability ratios measured at the water system scale for households with median, poverty level, and deep poverty (i.e., half the poverty level) incomes and estimate the corresponding percentage of households at these income levels. Using multiple measures conveys a fuller picture of affordability given the known limitations of specific affordability measures. Third, we analyze our results disaggregated by a key characteristic of water system vulnerability–water system size. We find that water is relatively affordable for median income households. However, we identify high unaffordability for households in poverty in a large fraction of water systems. We identify several scenarios with different policy implications for the human right to water, such as very small systems with high water bills and low-income households within large water systems. We also characterize how data gaps complicate theoretical ideals and present barriers in human right to water monitoring efforts. This paper presents a systematic approach to measuring affordability and represents the first statewide assessment of water affordability within California’s community water systems.
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影响因子：
1.6
作者：
Gawel, Erik;Sigel, Katja;Bretschneider, Wolfgang
通讯作者：
Bretschneider, Wolfgang
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Gleick, PH
通讯作者：
Gleick, PH
DOI：
10.1186/1476-069x-11-84
发表时间：
2012-11-14
期刊：
Environmental health : a global access science source
影响因子：
--
作者：
Balazs CL;Morello-Frosch R;Hubbard AE;Ray I
通讯作者：
Ray I
影响因子：
8.7
作者：
Garcia-Valinas, Maria A.;Martinez-Espineira, Roberto;Gonzalez-Gomez, Francisco
通讯作者：
Gonzalez-Gomez, Francisco
DOI：
10.1080/07900627.2010.491971
发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
3.1
作者：
De Los Angeles Garcia-Valinas, Maria;Martinez-Espineira, Roberto;Gonzalez-Gomez, Francisco
通讯作者：
Gonzalez-Gomez, Francisco