Tool to assess appeal-aversion response to graphic warning labels on cigarette packs among US smokers.
Tool to assess appeal-aversion response to graphic warning labels on cigarette packs among US smokers.
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DOI：
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055520
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发表时间：
2021-05
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Pierce JP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stone MD;Dimofte CV;Strong DR;Villasenor A;Pulvers K;Messer K;Pierce JP
118 个国家/地区强制要求在卷烟包装上使用图形警告标签，美国也在考虑这样做。我们提出了一种上诉-厌恶评估工具，以帮助监管机构在图形包装选项中进行选择。在熟悉不同的卷烟包装后，来自美国加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥的成年日常吸烟者（n=338）完成了离散选择吸引力-厌恶购买任务，并提供了尼古丁依赖和社会人口统计信息（2017-2019）。联合分析估计了产品属性（即包装、价格、烟草来源和戒烟热线号码）的重要性和价格效用。计算了吸烟者为避免购买图形包装而愿意支付的价格溢价。在购买决定因素中，价格是最重要的因素（65.5%），其次是包装设计（27.1%）。与没有营销的空白包装相比，品牌工业包装具有吸引力估值（0.54 美元；95% CI：0.44 美元至 0.65 美元），而图形警告包装的厌恶估值随图像的显着程度而变化（失明=−2.53 美元，95% CI：−2.76 美元至−2.31 美元；牙齿损伤=−2.90 美元，95% CI：-3.17 美元至-2.63 美元；坏疽足=-3.70 美元，95% CI：-4.01 美元至-3.39 美元。由于厌恶情绪，46.2% 的参与者愿意支付比当前卷烟价格高出 50% 以上的价格来购买品牌包装而不是图形包装。这些吸引力-厌恶评估受到性别、收入和尼古丁依赖的调节（p<0.05）。吸烟者表示愿意支付大量费用以避免购买图形包装。结果表明，在美国卷烟包装上强制使用图形警告会引起价格厌恶，并可能阻止卷烟购买。这种吸引力-厌恶工具的价格估值可能有助于监管机构区分图形警告标签。
Graphic warning labels on cigarette packaging are mandated in 118 countries and are under consideration in the USA. We propose an appeal–aversion assessment tool to help regulators choose among graphic packaging options. After familiarisation with different cigarette packaging, adult daily smokers (n=338) from San Diego, California, USA completed a discrete choice appeal–aversion purchasing task and provided information on nicotine dependence and sociodemographics (2017–2019). The conjoint analysis estimated the importance and price utility for product attributes (ie, packaging, price, tobacco origin and quitline number). The price premiums that smokers would be willing to pay to avoid purchasing graphic packaging were calculated. Among purchase determinants, the price was the most important attribute (65.5%), followed by packaging design (27.1%). Compared with blank packaging without marketing, branded industry packs had appeal valuations (US$0.54; 95% CI: US$0.44 to US$0.65), whereas graphic warning packs had aversion valuations that varied with the salience of the image (blindness=−US$2.53, 95% CI: −US$2.76 to −US$2.31; teeth damage=−US$2.90, 95% CI: −US$3.17 to −US$2.63; and gangrenous foot=−US$3.70, 95% CI: −US$4.01 to −US$3.39). The aversion was such that 46.2% of participants were willing to pay a 50+% premium over their current cigarette price to have their branded packs rather than a graphic pack. These appeal–aversion valuations were moderated by sex, income and nicotine dependence (p<0.05). Smokers indicated a willingness to pay substantial premiums to avoid purchasing graphic packaging. Results suggest that mandating graphic warnings on US cigarette packs would induce price aversion and may deter cigarette purchasing. Price valuations from this appeal–aversion tool could be useful for regulators to differentiate between graphic warning labels.
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DOI：
10.1007/bf03403649
发表时间：
2004-05-01
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Hammond, D;McDonald, PW;Cameron, R
通讯作者：
Cameron, R
影响因子：
1.6
作者：
Noar, Seth M.;Palmgreen, Philip;Lu, Hung-Yi
通讯作者：
Lu, Hung-Yi
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Evans, Abigail T.;Peters, Ellen;Romer, Daniel
通讯作者：
Romer, Daniel
影响因子：
39
作者：
Brewer NT;Hall MG;Noar SM;Parada H;Stein-Seroussi A;Bach LE;Hanley S;Ribisl KM
通讯作者：
Ribisl KM
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Moodie, Crawford;Mackintosh, Anne Marie;Ford, Allison
通讯作者：
Ford, Allison