The mitochondrial genome of Sinentomon erythranum (Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Protura): an example of highly divergent evolution.
The mitochondrial genome of Sinentomon erythranum (Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Protura): an example of highly divergent evolution.
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Sinentomon erythranum（节肢动物：六足动物：Protura）的线粒体基因组：高度分化进化的一个例子
DOI：
10.1186/1471-2148-11-246
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发表时间：
2011-08-27
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Luan YX
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chen WJ;Bu Y;Carapelli A;Dallai R;Li S;Yin WY;Luan YX
BackgroundThe原尾目系统发育地位,传统上被认为是最基础的昆虫组,是有争议的,因为它与其他昆虫相比有许多独特的形态特征。虽然线粒体基因组信息已广泛用于系统发育研究，但这种信息并不适用于原虫。这阻碍了对该分类群的系统发育研究，以及节肢动物线粒体基因组的进化。结果本研究首次报道了原turan物种sinentomon erythranum的线粒体基因组序列。基因组包含了许多不同于其他六足动物和节肢动物的特殊特征。作为一个非常小的节肢动物线粒体基因组，它的14,491个核苷酸编码37个典型的线粒体基因。与其他后生动物mtDNA相比，它的核苷酸组成偏倚最大，T = 52.4%，极端和反向at偏度为-0.351，gc偏度为0.350。在富含A+ t的区域出现了两个串联重复的区域，它们都可以形成稳定的茎环结构。22个trna中有18个在二级结构截短的情况下大大减小了大小。该基因顺序在节肢动物线粒体基因组中是新颖的。重排不仅涉及小tRNA基因，还涉及PCGs（蛋白质编码基因）和核糖体RNA基因。一大块基因发生了反转，附近的另一大块基因发生了重组，这可以用串联复制和随机丢失模型来解释。最显著的发现是，在大多数六足动物和甲壳类动物类群中，trnl2 （UUR）并不位于encox1和cox2之间，而是在祖先节肢动物的地面模式中位于landnad1之间。“cox1-cox2”模式在另外三个具有代表性的原turan物种中得到进一步证实。基于13个线粒体PCGs氨基酸序列的系统发育分析表明。赤藓未能与其他六足动物类群归类。结论s。赤足动物线粒体基因组显示出许多不同于其他六足动物和节肢动物的特征。它经历了高度分化的进化。“cox1-cox2”模式可能代表了所有原tura有丝分裂基因组的祖先状态，并表明原tura具有悠久的进化史。
BackgroundThe phylogenetic position of the Protura, traditionally considered the most basal hexapod group, is disputed because it has many unique morphological characters compared with other hexapods. Although mitochondrial genome information has been used extensively in phylogenetic studies, such information is not available for the Protura. This has impeded phylogenetic studies on this taxon, as well as the evolution of the arthropod mitochondrial genome.ResultsIn this study, the mitochondrial genome ofSinentomon erythranumwas sequenced, as the first proturan species to be reported. The genome contains a number of special features that differ from those of other hexapods and arthropods. As a very small arthropod mitochondrial genome, its 14,491 nucleotides encode 37 typical mitochondrial genes. Compared with other metazoan mtDNA, it has the most biased nucleotide composition with T = 52.4%, an extreme and reversed AT-skew of -0.351 and a GC-skew of 0.350. Two tandemly repeated regions occur in the A+T-rich region, and both could form stable stem-loop structures. Eighteen of the 22 tRNAs are greatly reduced in size with truncated secondary structures. The gene order is novel among available arthropod mitochondrial genomes. Rearrangements have involved in not only small tRNA genes, but also PCGs (protein-coding genes) and ribosome RNA genes. A large block of genes has experienced inversion and another nearby block has been reshuffled, which can be explained by the tandem duplication and random loss model. The most remarkable finding is thattrnL2(UUR)is not located betweencox1andcox2as observed in most hexapod and crustacean groups, but is betweenrrnLandnad1as in the ancestral arthropod ground pattern. The "cox1-cox2" pattern was further confirmed in three more representative proturan species. The phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of 13 mitochondrial PCGs suggestS.erythranumfailed to group with other hexapod groups.ConclusionsThe mitochondrial genome ofS. erythranumshows many different features from other hexapod and arthropod mitochondrial genomes. It underwent highly divergent evolution. The "cox1-cox2" pattern probably represents the ancestral state for all proturan mitogenomes, and suggests a long evolutionary history for the Protura.
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影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Castresana, J
通讯作者：
Castresana, J
线粒体蛋白质编码基因的系统发育分析证实了己糖和甲壳类的互惠。
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Carapelli, Antonio;Lio, Pietro;Nardi, Francesco;van der Wath, Elizabeth;Frati, Francesco
通讯作者：
Frati, Francesco
影响因子：
6.5
作者：
Hassanin, A;Léger, N;Deutsch, J
通讯作者：
Deutsch, J
影响因子：
4.4
作者：
Klimov PB;Oconnor BM
通讯作者：
Oconnor BM
影响因子：
3.9
作者：
Dowton, M;Castro, LR;Austin, AD
通讯作者：
Austin, AD