Function of YY1 in Long-Distance DNA Interactions.

Function of YY1 in Long-Distance DNA Interactions.
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DOI:
10.3389/fimmu.2014.00045
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
7.3
通讯作者:
Atchison ML
Atchison ML
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Atchison ML

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在 B 细胞发育过程中,免疫球蛋白 (Ig) 位点的 V(D)J 体细胞重排以产生功能性 Ig 基因以及抗体成熟所需的类别转换重组 (CSR) 需要长距离 DNA 相互作用。这些机制的组织特异性和发育时间是积极研究的主题。少数因素参与控制 Ig 位点长距离相互作用,包括 Pax5、Yin Yang 1 (YY1)、EZH2、IKAROS、CTCF、粘连蛋白和凝聚蛋白。在这里,我们将重点关注“YY1”在控制这些机制中的作用。 YY1 是一种多功能转录因子,参与转录激活和抑制、X 染色体失活、多梳族 (PcG) 蛋白 DNA 募集以及表观遗传修饰(乙酰化、脱乙酰化、甲基化、泛素化、苏酰化等)所需蛋白质的募集。 YY1 条件敲除表明,YY1 是 B 细胞发育所必需的,至少部分是通过控制免疫球蛋白重链和 Igκ 位点的长距离 DNA 相互作用来实现的。我们最近的数据显示,YY1 也是企业社会责任所必需的。 YY1 控制长距离 DNA 相互作用的机制包括控制非编码反义 RNA 转录物、将 PcG 蛋白招募到 DNA 中,以及与参与长距离 DNA 相互作用的复合物(包括粘连蛋白和凝缩蛋白复合物)相互作用。尽管常见的重排机制在所有 Ig 位点上起作用,但它们独特的时间激活以及“YY1”的普遍性给确定“YY1”在这些过程中功能的具体机制及其在组织特异性和 B 细胞阶段特异性水平上的调节带来了挑战。控制 YY1 功能的大量翻译后修饰可能是监管的候选者。
During B cell development, long-distance DNA interactions are needed for V(D)J somatic rearrangement of the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci to produce functional Ig genes, and for class switch recombination (CSR) needed for antibody maturation. The tissue-specificity and developmental timing of these mechanisms is a subject of active investigation. A small number of factors are implicated in controlling Ig locus long-distance interactions including Pax5, Yin Yang 1 (YY1), EZH2, IKAROS, CTCF, cohesin, and condensin proteins. Here we will focus on the role of YY1 in controlling these mechanisms. YY1 is a multifunctional transcription factor involved in transcriptional activation and repression, X chromosome inactivation, Polycomb Group (PcG) protein DNA recruitment, and recruitment of proteins required for epigenetic modifications (acetylation, deacetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, etc.). YY1 conditional knock-out indicated that YY1 is required for B cell development, at least in part, by controlling long-distance DNA interactions at the immunoglobulin heavy chain and Igκ loci. Our recent data show that YY1 is also required for CSR. The mechanisms implicated in YY1 control of long-distance DNA interactions include controlling non-coding antisense RNA transcripts, recruitment of PcG proteins to DNA, and interaction with complexes involved in long-distance DNA interactions including the cohesin and condensin complexes. Though common rearrangement mechanisms operate at all Ig loci, their distinct temporal activation along with the ubiquitous nature of YY1 poses challenges for determining the specific mechanisms of YY1 function in these processes, and their regulation at the tissue-specific and B cell stage-specific level. The large numbers of post-translational modifications that control YY1 functions are possible candidates for regulation.
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