From behavior to cognition to the brain and back: what have we learned from functional imaging studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
From behavior to cognition to the brain and back: what have we learned from functional imaging studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
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从行为到认知，再到大脑，再到大脑：我们从注意力缺陷多动障碍的功能成像研究中学到了什么？
DOI：
10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.957
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Durston
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Casey;S. Durston
Theoret ical accounts of the core symptoms and cognitive problems in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) nearly all address aspects of self-regulation in some form (1). Self-regulation—or cognitive control, in contemporary terms—is characterized as the ability to suppress inappropriate actions in favor of appropriate ones. This issue of The American Journal of Psychiatry includes three articles that report unique patterns of brain activity in ADHD using functional magnetic resonance imaging and versions of cognitive control tasks across different ages. Examples of cognitive control in these studies are shown in instances where overriding an action to an expected target in favor of an unexpected nontarget in an odd-ball or go/no-go paradigm occurs—reported in this issue of the Journal by Smith and colleagues and Pliszka and colleagues—or when switching attention from one salient stimulus attribute (color) to another (shape) occurs— reported in this issue of the Journal by Tamm and colleagues. These studies underscore the importance of tracking developmental changes in cognitive processes implicated in ADHD, acknowledging individual differences in ADHD, and moving away from empirical studies to more theoretical and test-able models of the disorder. Identification of core processes involved in a disorder can move a field from a dispar-ate set of data-driven findings to a more theoretically coherent collection of studies. Barkley's account of ADHD perhaps best illustrates this point. Barkley suggested that cognitive deficits observed in ADHD may be secondary to a single deficit in inhibitory control, where deficits in working memory, for example, are due to an inability to suppress reactions to distracting information (2). Although it has been argued that this simple explanation cannot explain all the phenotypic variance in ADHD, this view emphasizes one important point: that cognitive (and neural) processes are intrinsically linked, and thus deficits in one system are likely to affect others in secondary ways, especially in a dynamically changing system, such as the developing child with ADHD. Functional imaging studies, such as the ones reported in this issue of the Journal, rely on the spec-ificity and experimental design of the cognitive tasks individuals perform while brain activity is imaged. Thus, the only way to measure the underlying neural systems involved in ADHD is if the selected tasks truly capture the behavioral manifestations of the disorder. As such, imaging studies will always be task-specific, and only with theoretical guidance will findings from these kinds of studies be constrained. Smith and colleagues , in …
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.95.24.14494
发表时间：
1998-11-24
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Vaidya, CJ;Austin, G;Gabrieli, JDE
通讯作者：
Gabrieli, JDE
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Castellanos, FX;Lee, PP;Rapoport, JL
通讯作者：
Rapoport, JL
影响因子：
17.7
作者：
Volkow, ND;Wang, GJ;Pappas, N
通讯作者：
Pappas, N