Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC
Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC
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早期城市化背景：公元前四千年和三千年期间新月沃地的定居核心、早期国家和农牧业战略
DOI：
10.1007/s10963-014-9072-2
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Lawrence
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wilkinson;Philip;Bradbury;Donoghue;Dunford;Galiatsatos;Lawrence
本文采用了从北方新月沃地选定的抽样调查区的数据，以证明最初的城市化是如何发展的沿着几个路径。第一个是在铜器时代晚期，是在一个密集的农村定居模式。随后，定居模式发生了深刻的变化，导致形成了大型城墙或城墙遗址（“城堡城市”），这与城市化的更动态阶段有关，表现为增长和崩溃的短周期。到公元前3000年后期，更大的中心的分布已经扩大到包括叙利亚北方和中部的干旱农牧区，这里被称为“不确定区”。这种格局反过来又形成了青铜时代中期定居的背景，以及公元前第二个千年典型的政治竞争和联盟模式。从考古调查和景观分析中收集了证据，从以下角度审查了城市化的多重途径：（a）主要农业低地内的主食生产;（B）气候边缘地区转向风险较高的畜牧业;（c）地方和区域间网络的变化（连通性）;（d）与土地的联系和权利。纺织品生产构成了拟议模式的核心，强调对羊毛和相关牧场的需求如何为农牧生产和定居开辟新的景观。由此产生的解决景观，然后在黎凡特南部的图片，一个更有限的区域的不确定性可能限制了农牧生产的机会进行比较。
This paper employs data from selected sample survey areas in the northern Fertile Crescent to demonstrate how initial urbanization developed along several pathways. The first, during the Late Chalcolithic period, was within a dense pattern of rural settlement. There followed a profound shift in settlement pattern that resulted in the formation of large walled or ramparted sites (‘citadel cities’) associated with a more dynamic phase of urbanization exemplified by short cycles of growth and collapse. By the later third millennium BC, the distribution of larger centres had expanded to include the drier agro-pastoral zone of northern and central Syria, termed here the ‘zone of uncertainty’. This configuration, in turn, formed the context for Middle Bronze Age settlement, and the pattern of political rivalries and alliances that typified the second millennium BC. Evidence is marshalled from archaeological surveys and landscape analyses to examine these multiple paths to urbanization from the perspectives of (a) staple production within major agricultural lowlands; (b) the shift towards higher risk animal husbandry within climatically marginal regions; (c) changes in local and inter-regional networks (connectivity); and (d) ties and rights to the land. Textile production forms the core of the proposed model, which emphasizes how the demand for wool and associated pasture lands opened up new landscapes for agro-pastoral production and settlement. The resultant landscapes of settlement are then compared with the picture in the southern Levant where a more restricted zone of uncertainty may have limited the opportunities for agro-pastoral production.
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影响因子：
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