Why does passion matter more in individualistic cultures?
Why does passion matter more in individualistic cultures?
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2102055118
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发表时间：
2021-04-05
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Tsai JL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tsai JL
自助书籍、TED演讲和鼓舞人心的模因都声称，找到、追随和激发一个人的激情是成功的关键。人们应该对他们所做的事情，他们所爱的人以及他们如何生活充满热情（1）。与这些主张相一致，Li et al. (2)研究显示，在59种不同文化的120多万高中生的全国代表性样本中，一个人对阅读、数学和科学的“热情”越高，他的成绩就越高。然而，激情被定义为享受、兴趣和自我效能感，在个人主义文化中比在集体主义文化中更重要。具体来说，在美国、澳大利亚和英国等个人主义社会中，一个单位的激情在标准化成就测试中平均转化为22.67分，而在哥伦比亚、泰国和中国等国家，平均转化为12.69分。如果激情对成功如此重要，为什么它在某些文化中比其他文化更重要？而且，如果激情在集体主义文化中不那么重要，那什么才重要呢？基于几十年的研究，作者（2）认为答案可能在于个人主义与集体主义文化培养的不同自我模式（3，4）。在个人主义文化中，人们被鼓励更加“独立”，或者认为自己与他人分开，而在集体主义文化中，人们被鼓励更加“相互依赖”，或者认为自己与他人联系在一起。这些模式反映在产品中，并通过这些文化中广泛分布的实践和机构得到加强（3，4）。因此，个人主义文化中的人有更多的“独立”目标，包括表达他们的偏好和塑造他们的环境，以这些偏好。相比之下，集体主义社会中的人们有更多的“相互依赖”的目标，包括关注和适应他们的环境（5）。但是这些目标和激情有什么关系呢？实现这些目标需要不同程度的觉醒和行动。我们的研究发现，由于实现独立需要更多的唤醒和行动，促进这些目标的文化重视高-
Self-help books, TED talks, and inspirational memes all claim that finding, following, and fueling one’s passion is critical to success. People should feel passionate about what they do, whom they love, and how they live (1). Consistent with these claims, Li et al.(2) show, in nationally representative samples of 1.2+ million high school students across 59 different cultures, the more “passion” one has for reading, math, and science, the higher one’s achievement scores. However, passion—defined as feelings of enjoyment, interest, and self-efficacy—mattered more in individualistic than in collectivistic cultures. Specifically, one unit of passion translated into an average of 22.67 points on standardized achievement tests in individualistic societies like the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, versus an average of only 12.69 points in countries like Columbia, Thailand, and China. If passion is so critical to success, why does it matter more in some cultures than others? And, if passion doesn’t matter as much in more collectivistic cultures, what does?Based on decades of research, the authors (2) suggest that the answer may lie in the different models of self that individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures foster (3, 4). In individualistic cultures, people are encouraged to be more “independent,” or to see themselves as separate from others, whereas, in collectivistic cultures, people are encouraged to be more “interdependent,” or to see themselves as connected to others. These models are reflected in and reinforced by products, practices, and institutions that are widely distributed in these cultures (3, 4). Consequently, people in individualistic cultures have more “independent” goals, which include expressing their preferences and molding their surroundings to those preferences. In contrast, people in collectivistic societies have more “interdependent” goals, which include attending and adjusting to their surroundings (5). But what do these goals have to do with passion? Achieving these goals requires varying levels of arousal and action. Our research finds that, because achieving independence requires increased arousal and action, cultures that foster these goals value high-
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