The History of Refugee Protection: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges

The History of Refugee Protection: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges
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难民保护的历史:概念和方法上的挑战

DOI:
10.1093/jrs/fex018
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发表时间:
--
影响因子:
1.7
通讯作者:
Olaf Kleist
Olaf Kleist
中科院分区:
法学3区
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--
作者:
Olaf Kleist

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强迫移民一直存在,但社会和政策制定者经常对难民的到来感到惊讶。同样,难民研究也陷入了两难境地:流离失所和难民保护是我们历史上的一个持续现象,与当前政策的相关性。这两种观点都没有错,但都面临着非历史性争论、忽视先例或变革的风险。难民研究的多学科领域缺乏对其历史视角的概念、理论和方法论挑战的反思。直到最近,它还面临着史学上的空白,很少有历史学家系统地研究强迫移民,反过来,难民研究也很少采用历史研究(Marfleet 2007)。这并不是说难民研究没有意识到过去。在难民研究领域有影响力的非历史学家的重要研究详细介绍了机构的发展(Skran 1995;Betts et al. 2011;Betts and Loescher 2014;Goodwin-Gill 2014),并分析了有关难民保护需求的历史反应的案例研究(Zolberg et al. 1986;Gibney 2004;Price 2009;Chatty) 2013)。这些是我们理解难民和难民保护的核心。然而,这些叙述有时可能是轶事、有选择性的,或者缺乏难民问题之外更广泛的历史背景。由于对过去的研究是为了挑战当前难民的看法,因此从现在来解释过去可能会冒着兜圈子争论的风险。这种困境无法完全解决,但可以通过史学理论和方法论来抵消。尽管缺乏对难民历史的系统探索,但历史学家仍然在深入研究历史流离失所和难民保护方面存在许多重要的例外(参见本期的加特雷尔)。在第二次世界大战后流离失所危机之后,一些出版物着眼于国际难民组织的兴起和发展(Holborn 1956;Stoessinger 1956;Holborn 1975),随后介绍了早期流离失所事件的历史(Mercier 1974;Porter 1979)。关于移民和庇护的公众和政治辩论日益激烈
Forced migration has always existed and yet societies and policy makers are regularly surprised by the arrival of refugees. Similarly, refugee studies is caught between the assertion that displacement and refugee protection are a constant phenomenon of our history and the presentness of its current policy relevance. Neither being wrong, both viewpoints run the risk of arguing a-historically, ignoring either precedents or transformations. The multi-disciplinary field of refugee studies lacks a reflection on conceptual, theoretical and methodological challenges of its historical perspective. Until recently, it faced a historiographical lacuna with few historians researching forced migration systematically and, in turn, little historical research being adopted in refugee studies (Marfleet 2007). This is not to say that refugee studies was unconscious of the past. Important studies by non-historians, influential in the field of refugee studies, detailed the development of institutions (Skran 1995; Betts et al. 2011; Betts and Loescher 2014; Goodwin-Gill 2014) and analysed case studies about the historical response to refugee protection needs (Zolberg et al. 1986; Gibney 2004; Price 2009; Chatty 2013). These have been central to our understanding of refugees and refugee protection. However, the narratives can be at times anecdotal, selective or lack a broader historical contextualization beyond the issue of refugees. As the study of the past is to challenge perceptions of the refugee present, interpreting the past from the present can run the risk of arguing in circles. This dilemma cannot be fully resolved but can be counteracted by historiographical theory and methodology. Despite a lack of systematic exploration of refugee history, there is an important number of exceptions where historians are engaging in depth with historical displacement and refugee protection (see Gatrell in this issue). In the aftermath of the post-World War Two displacement crisis, some publications looked at the rise and development of international refugee organizations (Holborn 1956; Stoessinger 1956; Holborn 1975), followed by histories of earlier episodes of displacement (Mercier 1974; Porter 1979). Amidst heightened public and political debates about migration and asylum
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