Global energy networks: Insights from headquarter subsidiary data of transnational petroleum corporations
Global energy networks: Insights from headquarter subsidiary data of transnational petroleum corporations
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全球能源网络：跨国石油公司总部子公司数据洞察
DOI：
10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.05.003
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发表时间：
2016-07
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Dong Wen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yang Yu;Dong Wen
石油公司是强大的国际参与者，通过建立从总部到子公司的关系，形成了复杂的网络。然而，作为能源贸易网络，我们对这些网络了解不多。本文选取《财富》世界500强中最具实力的石油公司总部子公司数据，运用网络分析、基尼系数和赫芬达尔指数对其网络中心性、不均等性和区域特征进行了考察。我们发现，总部集中在美国、西欧和东亚，而子公司更分散在生产国和消费国。与贸易网络相比，总部子公司网络更复杂，表现出更大的不平等，尤其是在出度网络中。国际石油公司(IOC)和国有石油公司(NOC)在子公司选址上表现出不同的偏好，并根据各自的产业价值链形成不同的网络。包括国际奥委会和国家奥委会在内的更复杂的网络将更灵活地应对市场竞争和地缘政治形势。在制定跨国能源政策和进行能源贸易时，应认真考虑总部下属的能源网络与国际外交关系。
Oil companies are powerful international actors, and have formed complex networks by building relationships from their headquarters (HQs) to subsidiaries. However, we do not know much about these networks as energy trade networks. In this paper, we select HQ subsidiary data of the most powerful oil companies in Fortune Global 500, and employ network analysis, Gini coefficient and Herfindahl index to investigate the network centrality, inequality and regional characteristics. We find that HQs are concentrated in the Unites States, Western Europe and East Asia while subsidiaries are more dispersed in both producing and consuming countries. Compared to the trade networks, HQ subsidiary network is more complex and displays greater inequality, especially in the out-degree network. IOCs (international oil companies) and NOCs (national oil companies) show different preferences for choosing subsidiaries locations and form different networks based on their industry value chains. A more complicated network including IOCs and NOCs will be more flexible in respond to market competition and geopolitical situation. HQ-subsidiary energy networks should be seriously considered along with the international diplomatic relations when making transnational energy policies and trading.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.enpol.2014.06.020
发表时间：
2014-10
期刊：
Global Commodity Issues (Editor's Choice) eJournal
影响因子：
--
作者：
Hai-ying Zhang;Qiang Ji;Ying Fan
通讯作者：
Hai-ying Zhang;Qiang Ji;Ying Fan
DOI：
10.1093/jwelb/jwn004
发表时间：
2008-05
期刊：
The Journal of World Energy Law & Business
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Stevens
通讯作者：
P. Stevens
DOI：
10.4018/978-1-7998-6713-5.ch008
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development
影响因子：
--
作者：
Yuh-Wen Chen
通讯作者：
Yuh-Wen Chen
影响因子：
1.6
作者：
C. Streeter;D. F. Gillespie
通讯作者：
C. Streeter;D. F. Gillespie
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_187
发表时间：
2022-05
期刊：
Encyclopedia of Big Data
影响因子：
--
作者：
Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska
通讯作者：
Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska