Seedling responses to decreased snow depend on canopy composition and small‐mammal herbivore presence

Seedling responses to decreased snow depend on canopy composition and small‐mammal herbivore presence
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幼苗对降雪减少的反应取决于树冠组成和小型哺乳动物食草动物的存在

DOI:
10.1111/ecog.03948
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发表时间:
2018
期刊:
影响因子:
5.9
通讯作者:
Orrock, John L.
Orrock, John L.
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Guiden, Peter W.;Connolly, Brian M.;Orrock, John L.

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整个北方的冬天变得越来越温暖和短暂,积雪深度的减少会使树苗暴露在有害的小气候中,从而降低树苗的存活率。同样,小型哺乳动物的食草性也会限制木本植物的生存和分布,但目前还不清楚冬季气候变化是否会改变小型哺乳动物的食草性。虽然小规模的实验表明,除雪可以增加或减少土壤温度和食草动物,但我们目前缺乏在大空间尺度上复制的除雪实验,这是了解减少积雪的影响所必需的。为了研究冬季食草动物和积雪条件如何影响幼苗动态,我们在威斯康星州北方180 km的纬度梯度上移植了糖槭和加拿大铁杉幼苗,那里的积雪深度在不同地点之间变化了7倍。将幼苗移植到两种食草动物处理之一中(小型哺乳动物围栏,小型哺乳动物通道)和两种冬末除雪处理之一中(除雪,雪未处理)。除雪增加了土壤冻融频率和累积生长度日(GDD),但这些影响的大小取决于森林冠层组成。不包括小型哺乳动物,在小型哺乳动物食草鼠耳蝠间隙存在的地方,排除小型哺乳动物也增加了T。在<5cm雪的地块中,canadensis存活。由于冠层组成和M.间隙存在是在雪深梯度上幼苗存活的重要预测因子,这些结果揭示了在大空间尺度上准确预测冬季幼苗存活模式的能力的复杂性。预测未来幼苗补充模式的全球变化情景可能会受益于明确考虑雪条件和小型哺乳动物冬季食草动物之间的相互作用。
Winter is becoming warmer and shorter across the northern hemisphere, and reductions in snow depth can decrease tree seedling survival by exposing seedlings to harmful microclimates. Similarly, herbivory by small mammals can also limit the survival and distribution of woody plants, but it is unclear whether winter climate change will alter small‐mammal herbivory. Although small‐scale experiments show that snow removal can either increase or decrease both soil temperatures and herbivory, we currently lack snow‐removal experiments replicated across large spatial scales that are needed to understand the effect of reduced snow. To examine how winter herbivory and snow conditions influence seedling dynamics, we transplantedAcer saccharumandTsuga canadensisseedlings across a 180 km latitudinal gradient in northern Wisconsin, where snow depth varied seven‐fold among sites. Seedlings were transplanted into one of two herbivory treatments (small‐mammal exclosure, small‐mammal access) and one of two late‐winter snow removal treatments (snow removed, snow unmanipulated). Snow removal increased soil freeze‐thaw frequency and cumulative growing degree‐days (GDD), but the magnitude of these effects depended on forest canopy composition.Acer saccharumsurvival decreased where snow was removed, but only at sites without conifers. Excluding small mammals increasedA. saccharumsurvival at sites where the small‐mammal herbivoreMyodes gapperiwas present. Excluding small mammals also increasedT. canadensissurvival in plots with < 5 cm snow. Because variation in canopy composition andM. gapperipresence were important predictors of seedling survival across the snow‐depth gradient, these results reveal complexity in the ability to accurately predict patterns of winter seedling survival over large spatial scales. Global change scenarios that project future patterns of seedling recruitment may benefit from explicitly considering interactions between snow conditions and small‐mammal winter herbivory.
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