The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Theory and Evidence from India∗
The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Theory and Evidence from India∗
复制标题
自由化的不平等影响：来自印度的理论和证据*
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Redding
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Aghion;S. Redding
本文利用 1991 年印度的自由化来说明这种改革如何对一个国家内的行业和地区产生不平等的影响。我们首先建立熊彼特增长模型来分析旨在增加进入的自由化改革对增长和不平等的影响。该模型的主要预测是：（i）自由化会促进最初接近技术前沿的行业的创新（技术采用）、利润和增长，同时会减少最初远低于前沿的行业的创新、利润和增长； (ii) 支持工人的劳动法规阻碍了所有行业的创新和增长，这种负面影响随着自由化而加剧。我们在 1980 年至 1997 年期间印度 16 个主要邦的 3 位数行业面板数据集中测试了这些预测。实证结果证实了模型的主要预测。我们发现，1991 年印度的自由化通过促进最初接近印度生产率前沿的三位数行业以及劳动力市场制度更加灵活的邦的生产率和利润增长，产生了强烈的不平等效应。这些发现强调，技术和制度环境的初始水平对于印度的工业和国家是否以及在多大程度上受益于自由化至关重要。 *我们感谢 Leverhulme Trust 和 STICERD、LSE 的财务支持。
This paper exploits the 1991 Indian liberalization to illustrate how such a reform may have unequal effects on industries and regions within a single country. We begin by developing a Schumpeterian growth model to analyze the effects on growth and inequality of liberalization reforms aimed at increasing entry. The main predictions of the model are: (i) liberalization fosters innovation (technology adoption), profits and growth, in industries that are initially close to the technological frontier, while it reduces innovation, profits and growth in industries which are initially far below the frontier; (ii) proworker labor regulations discourage innovation and growth in all industries and this negative effect increases with liberalization. We test these predictions in a 3-digit industry panel data set for the sixteen main states of India over the period 1980-1997. The empirical results confirm the main predictions of the model. We find that the 1991 liberalization in India had strong inequalizing effects, by fostering productivity growth and profits in 3-digit industries that were initially closer to the Indian productivity frontier and in states with more flexible labor market institutions. These findings emphasize that the initial level of technology and institutional context mattered for whether and to what extent industries and states in India benefited from liberalization. ∗We are grateful to the Leverhulme Trust and STICERD, LSE for financial support.
DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.3595
发表时间：
1998-03
期刊：
Macroeconomics eJournal
影响因子：
--
作者：
R. Hall;C. I. Jones
通讯作者：
R. Hall;C. I. Jones
DOI：
10.2307/2534573
发表时间：
1995
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
J. Sachs;Andrew M. Warner
通讯作者：
J. Sachs;Andrew M. Warner