Proximate causes of avian protandry differ between subspecies with contrasting migration challenges

Proximate causes of avian protandry differ between subspecies with contrasting migration challenges
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鸟类先祖性亚种差异的直接原因与对比的迁徙挑战

DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arv160
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
2.4
通讯作者:
Eikenaar
Eikenaar
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Schmaljohann;Bairlein;van Oosten;Morbey;Åkesson;Buchmann;Chernetsov;Desaever;Elliott;Hellström;Liechti;López;Middleton;Ottosson;Eikenaar

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In many migratory birds, males precede females during migration and arrival at the breeding sites. Three proximate mechanisms are proposed to explain this phenomenon of protandry: males 1) winter closer to breeding sites, 2) start spring migration earlier, and/or 3) migrate faster than females. So far, the relative contribution of these mechanisms to protandry is unknown. The present study investigated the importance of each of the 3 proximate mechanisms of protandry for a songbird migrant wintering in Africa, the northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe). Two subspecies co-occur in Europe on migration, of which theleucorhoanorthern wheatears breeding from Iceland to Canada have to cross the North Atlantic, whereas the nominate form breeding in Europe does not face any significant sea barrier. We show that theleucorhoasubspecies had a significantly higher degree of protandry at stopover sites across Europe than theoenanthesubspecies (−6 vs. −2 days).Leucorhoanorthern wheatear’s higher degree of protandry was associated with a larger age effect, in which old males preceded young males, and greater sex-specific differences in wing shape and refueling yielding higher migration speeds in males than females. Inoenanthenorthern wheatears, light-level geolocators revealed that males did not winter closer to the breeding sites or migrate faster than females, but initiated spring migration earlier. Our results demonstrate that the significance of the mechanisms causing protandry can differ between related taxa and highlight the importance of the advancement in male arrival date with age as a potential factor shaping the degree of protandry.
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