Cognitive models of optimal sequential search with recall

Cognitive models of optimal sequential search with recall
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具有召回功能的最优顺序搜索的认知模型

DOI:
10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104595
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
影响因子:
3.4
通讯作者:
Analytis, Pantelis P.
Analytis, Pantelis P.
中科院分区:
心理学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Bhatia, Sudeep;He, Lisheng;Zhao, Wenjia Joyce;Analytis, Pantelis P.

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许多日常决策需要顺序搜索,根据顺序搜索,一次观察一个可用的选择选项,每次观察都会给决策者带来一些成本。在这些任务中,决策者需要权衡找到更好选择的机会和搜索成本。此类任务中的最佳策略涉及阈值决策规则,一旦发现超过奖励值的选项,就会终止搜索。阈值规则可以被视为众所周知的算法决策过程的特例,例如满意启发式。先前的工作发现决策者确实使用阈值规则,但是在数据中观察到的停止阈值通常小于(期望值最大化)最佳阈值。我们提出了一系列认知模型,并使用参数模型拟合参与者级别的搜索数据来检查决策者为何采用看似次优的阈值。我们发现,如果我们允许参与者展示风险厌恶、心理努力成本和决策错误,人们的行为与最优搜索是一致的。因此,决策者似乎能够以资源理性的方式进行搜索,从而最大化随机风险规避效用。我们的研究结果揭示了指导顺序决策的心理因素,并展示了如何使用阈值模型来描述搜索行为的计算和算法方面。
Many everyday decisions require sequential search, according to which available choice options are observed one at a time, with each observation involving some cost to the decision maker. In these tasks, decision makers need to trade-off the chances of finding better options with the cost of search. Optimal strategies in such tasks involve threshold decision rules, which terminate the search as soon as an option exceeding a reward value is found. Threshold rules can be seen as special cases of well-known algorithmic decision processes, such as the satisficing heuristic. Prior work has found that decision makers do use threshold rules, however the stopping thresholds observed in data are typically smaller than the (expected value maximizing) optimal threshold. We put forward an array of cognitive models and use parametric model fits on participant-level search data to examine why decision makers adopt seemingly suboptimal thresholds. We find that people's behavior is consistent with optimal search if we allow participants to display risk aversion, psychological effort cost, and decision error. Thus, decision makers appear to be able to search in a resource-rational manner that maximizes stochastic risk averse utility. Our findings shed light on the psychological factors that guide sequential decision making, and show how threshold models can be used to describe both computational and algorithmic aspects of search behavior.
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