Linguistic camouflage in girls with autism spectrum disorder.
Linguistic camouflage in girls with autism spectrum disorder.
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DOI：
10.1186/s13229-017-0164-6
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Schultz RT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parish-Morris J;Liberman MY;Cieri C;Herrington JD;Yerys BE;Bateman L;Donaher J;Ferguson E;Pandey J;Schultz RT
自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 在男孩中的诊断率高于女孩，即使女孩的症状相同。尖端的行为成像技术发现患有自闭症谱系障碍的女孩有“伪装”，其中的社交行为表面上看起来很典型，这使得诊断变得复杂化。本研究探索一种基于语言差异的新型伪装。对话期间的停顿可以用诸如 UM 或 UH 之类的词来填充，但研究表明这两个词在实用上是不同的（例如，UM 用于表示更长的停顿，并且可能与比 UH 更高的社交交流复杂度相关）。大规模研究表明，女性和年轻人在对话停顿期间产生 UM 的几率高于男性和老年人，而男性和老年人产生的 UH 相对较多。尽管有人认为患有 ASD 的儿童和青少年使用 UM 的频率低于一般同龄人，但之前的研究并未纳入足够数量的女孩来检验性别是否可以解释这种影响。在这里，我们探讨了患有 ASD 的学龄男孩和女孩的 UM 与 UH，并询问填充停顿是否与自闭症症状严重程度的维度测量有关。 65 名患有自闭症谱系障碍的学龄语言参与者（49 名男孩，16 名女孩，智商估计在平均范围内）参与了研究，还有一小群正常发育儿童（8 名男孩，9 名女孩）参加。自闭症诊断观察表中的语音样本经过拼字法转录并按时间对齐，并标记了填充的停顿。家长完成了社交沟通问卷和瓦恩兰适应行为量表。在两个诊断组中，女孩使用 UH 的频率均低于男孩。 UH 抑制导致女孩的 UM 比率高于男孩，并且典型儿童的整体填充停顿率高于自闭症儿童。较高的 UM 比率与患有自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 的男孩更好的社交能力相关，但这种效应是由症状更严重的男孩增加使用 UH 驱动的。实用语言标记可以区分患有自闭症谱系障碍的女孩和男孩，反映了一般人群中的性别差异。这一发现的一个含义是，典型的发音不流利模式（即，相对 UH 产生减少导致 UM 比率更高）可能会使患有自闭症谱系障碍的女孩相对于其他儿童的发音方式正常化，为天真的听众提供“语言伪装”，并将她们与患有自闭症谱系障碍的男孩区分开来。这项史无前例的研究强调了继续致力于了解性和性别如何改变 ASD 表现方式的重要性，并说明了自然语言有助于 ASD 客观“行为成像”诊断的潜力。
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed more frequently in boys than girls, even when girls are equally symptomatic. Cutting-edge behavioral imaging has detected “camouflaging” in girls with ASD, wherein social behaviors appear superficially typical, complicating diagnosis. The present study explores a new kind of camouflage based on language differences. Pauses during conversation can be filled with words like UM or UH, but research suggests that these two words are pragmatically distinct (e.g., UM is used to signal longer pauses, and may correlate with greater social communicative sophistication than UH). Large-scale research suggests that women and younger people produce higher rates of UM during conversational pauses than do men and older people, who produce relatively more UH. Although it has been argued that children and adolescents with ASD use UM less often than typical peers, prior research has not included sufficient numbers of girls to examine whether sex explains this effect. Here, we explore UM vs. UH in school-aged boys and girls with ASD, and ask whether filled pauses relate to dimensional measures of autism symptom severity. Sixty-five verbal school-aged participants with ASD (49 boys, 16 girls, IQ estimates in the average range) participated, along with a small comparison group of typically developing children (8 boys, 9 girls). Speech samples from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule were orthographically transcribed and time-aligned, with filled pauses marked. Parents completed the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Girls used UH less often than boys across both diagnostic groups. UH suppression resulted in higher UM ratios for girls than boys, and overall filled pause rates were higher for typical children than for children with ASD. Higher UM ratios correlated with better socialization in boys with ASD, but this effect was driven by increased use of UH by boys with greater symptoms. Pragmatic language markers distinguish girls and boys with ASD, mirroring sex differences in the general population. One implication of this finding is that typical-sounding disfluency patterns (i.e., reduced relative UH production leading to higher UM ratios) may normalize the way girls with ASD sound relative to other children, serving as “linguistic camouflage” for a naïve listener and distinguishing them from boys with ASD. This first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of continued commitment to understanding how sex and gender change the way that ASD manifests, and illustrates the potential of natural language to contribute to objective “behavioral imaging” diagnostics for ASD.
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影响因子：
3.9
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
10.1044/1092-4388(2007/018
发表时间：
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影响因子：
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影响因子：
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