Safety in numbers: how social choice theory can inform avalanche risk management

Safety in numbers: how social choice theory can inform avalanche risk management
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数字安全:社会选择理论如何为雪崩风险管理提供信息

DOI:
10.1080/14729679.2021.2012216
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
1.9
通讯作者:
Ebert P
Ebert P
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ebert P

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近年来,雪崩研究经历了转变。早期的研究主要集中在环境因素上。最近,人们的注意力转向了决策中的人为因素,例如行为和认知偏差。本文为雪崩研究中的人类转变添加了社会成分。它从社会选择理论的角度为滑雪者群体的决策提供了经验教训,社会选择理论是经济学、决策理论、哲学和政治学的一个子领域,研究投票方法和其他形式的集体决策。在第一部分中,我们概述了群体智慧的现象,即群体比其个体成员做出更好的决策。借鉴社会选择理论的概念工具并使用理想化场景,我们确定了群体智慧产生的条件,并解释了如何以及何时共同决策会导致比个体群体成员预期更糟糕的决策。在第二部分中,我们利用这种理论理解为雪崩地形的决策提供实用建议。最后,我们对其他户外探险运动的风险管理以及户外运动教育提出了几点建议。
Avalanche studies have undergone a transition in recent years. Early research focused mainly on environmental factors. More recently, attention has turned to human factors in decision making, such as behavioural and cognitive biases. This article adds asocialcomponent to this human turn in avalanche studies. It identifies lessons for decision making by groups of skiers from the perspective of social choice theory, a sub-field of economics, decision theory, philosophy and political science that investigates voting methods and other forms of collective decision making. In the first part, we outline the phenomenon ofwisdom of crowds, where groups make better decisions than their individual members. Drawing on the conceptual apparatus of social choice theory and using idealised scenarios, we identify conditions under which wisdom of crowds arises and also explain how and when deciding together can instead result in worse decisions than may be expected from individual group members. In the second part, we use this theoretical understanding to offer practical suggestions for decision making in avalanche terrain. Finally, we make several suggestions for risk management in other outdoor and adventure sports and for outdoor sports education.
雪崩地形中的决策——滑雪者的技能水平对地形评估、雪崩预报解读和环境观测有何不同?
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发表时间: 2017
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评审团内部。
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DOI: 10.1007/s11229-004-1276-z
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期刊: Synthese
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