Ecological functions of zoosporic hyperparasites.

Ecological functions of zoosporic hyperparasites.
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DOI:
10.3389/fmicb.2014.00244
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
5.2
通讯作者:
Neuhauser S
Neuhauser S
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gleason FH;Lilje O;Marano AV;Sime-Ngando T;Sullivan BK;Kirchmair M;Neuhauser S

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在过去的几年中,动孢子虫寄生虫受到了越来越多的关注,但很大程度上仍然没有注意到这些寄生虫本身可以被超寄生虫感染。壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、芽枝菌门(Blastocladiomycota)、隐菌门(Cryptomycota)、丝壶菌门(Hyphochytriomycota)、Labelothulomycota、卵菌门(Oomycota)和植孢菌门(Phytomyxea)的一些成员是游动孢子宿主的重寄生虫。由于有时候重寄生虫、它们的寄生物-宿主和主要宿主之间复杂的三方相互作用,重寄生虫可能难以检测和监测。这些超级寄生虫中的一些使用与它们的寄生宿主相似的机制来寻找和感染它们的目标并获得食物资源。超级寄生虫的生命周期通常比宿主的生命周期短,因此超级寄生虫可能会加速生态系统中营养物质的周转时间。重寄生虫可以增加食物网的复杂性,并在调节宿主的种群大小和种群动态方面发挥重要作用。我们认为,超级寄生虫延长食物链,但也可以发挥作用,在进行或抑制疾病的动物,植物,或藻类。超级寄生虫可以以各种方式对生态系统产生重大影响,因此增加我们对这些神秘而多样的生物体的了解非常重要。
Zoosporic parasites have received increased attention during the last years, but it is still largely unnoted that these parasites can themselves be infected by hyperparasites. Some members of the Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Cryptomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Labyrinthulomycota, Oomycota, and Phytomyxea are hyperparasites of zoosporic hosts. Because of sometimes complex tripartite interactions between hyperparasite, their parasite-host, and the primary host, hyperparasites can be difficult to detect and monitor. Some of these hyperparasites use similar mechanisms as their parasite-hosts to find and infect their target and to access food resources. The life cycle of zoosporic hyperparasites is usually shorter than the life cycle of their hosts, so hyperparasites may accelerate the turnaround times of nutrients within the ecosystem. Hyperparasites may increase the complexity of food webs and play significant roles in regulating population sizes and population dynamics of their hosts. We suggest that hyperparasites lengthen food chains but can also play a role in conducting or suppressing diseases of animals, plants, or algae. Hyperparasites can significantly impact ecosystems in various ways, therefore it is important to increase our understanding about these cryptic and diverse organisms.
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