Instrumental variables I: instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships.

Instrumental variables I: instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.005
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发表时间:
2009-12
影响因子:
7.2
通讯作者:
Schneeweiss, Sebastian
Schneeweiss, Sebastian
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Rassen, Jeremy A.;Brookhart, M. Alan;Glynn, Robert J.;Mittleman, Murray A.;Schneeweiss, Sebastian

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治疗评价研究设计的金标准被广泛认为是随机对照试验(RCT)。试验允许通过将参与者随机分配到干预组或对照组来估计因果效应;通过假设组间的“交换”,比较结果将产生因果效应的估计。在许多情况下,随机对照试验是不切实际的或不道德的,工具变量(IV)分析提供了一个非实验的替代方案,基于许多相同的原则。IV分析依赖于发现一种自然变化的现象,与治疗相关,但与结局无关,除非通过治疗本身的影响,然后使用这种现象作为混淆治疗变量的代理。本文演示了IV分析如何从类似但可能不可能的RCT设计中产生,并概述了有效估计所需的假设。它给出了在临床流行病学中使用的工具的例子,并以效果估计的大纲作为结论。
The gold standard of study design for treatment evaluation is widely acknowledged to be the randomized controlled trial (RCT). Trials allow for the estimation of causal effect by randomly assigning participants either to an intervention or comparison group; through the assumption of “exchangeability” between groups, comparing the outcomes will yield an estimate of causal effect. In the many cases where RCTs are impractical or unethical, instrumental variable (IV) analysis offers a nonexperimental alternative based on many of the same principles. IV analysis relies on finding a naturally varying phenomenon, related to treatment but not to outcome except through the effect of treatment itself, and then using this phenomenon as a proxy for the confounded treatment variable. This article demonstrates how IV analysis arises from an analogous but potentially impossible RCT design, and outlines the assumptions necessary for valid estimation. It gives examples of instruments used in clinical epidemiology and concludes with an outline on estimation of effects.
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