Evidence of fostering in an internally brooding sea anemone
Evidence of fostering in an internally brooding sea anemone
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培育内孵海葵的证据
作者：
Lane S
在孵化阶段的异源父母照顾的证据已在很大程度上证明了在巢外孵化其后代的物种。在这些物种中，异亲照顾通常包括饲养混合育雏，其中包含低比例的“外国”年轻人以及宿主自己的后代。然而，许多动物，包括海葵，在它们的身体上或体内孵化后代。海葵（Actinia equinaacutting）在体内孵化幼仔，由于许多海葵能够有性和无性繁殖，这些体内孵化幼仔的起源一直是争论的主题。虽然遗传上相同的幼鱼在幼年阶段在体内孵化，但据认为，那些有性繁殖的幼鱼作为幼虫被释放到水中，必须返回成年鱼的胃腔，以便发生变态。由于浮浪幼虫找到回到父母身边的可能性很小，这表明异体父母的照顾可能在这个物种的幼鱼生存中发挥作用，这一假设最初是在世纪前提出的，但很少得到验证。在这里，使用高度多态性的微卫星标记，我们发现的证据，异体父母照顾在A。马我们的研究结果表明，虽然高比例的青少年的遗传相同，他们的育雏成人，其余的青少年表现出鲜明的遗传差异，他们的育雏成人。这些幼鱼与它们的“父母”共享的等位基因比有性繁殖下预期的要少得多，这表明它们不是成年鱼的后代。此外，我们发现了窝的遗传组成的变化，其中包括（a）完全遗传相同的个体，（B）独特的个体和克隆的混合或（c）完全独特的个体，即没有共享的基因型。我们的研究结果表明，adultA.这意味着它们可以容忍胃腔内存在非后代，而且它们可能会孵化完全“外来”的后代。
Evidence of alloparental care during the incubation stage has largely been demonstrated for species that incubate their offspring externally in a nest. Alloparental care in these species generally consists of the rearing of mixed broods which contain a low proportion of “foreign” young alongside the host's own offspring. However, many animals, including sea anemones, incubate offspring either on or within their bodies. The beadlet anemoneActinia equinaincubate their young internally, and as many sea anemones are capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually, the origin of these internally brooded young has been the subject of much debate. While genetically identical young are brooded internally under the juvenile stage, it is thought that those produced sexually are released as larvae into the water and must return to the gastric cavity of an adult in order for metamorphosis to occur. As the likelihood of a planula larva finding its way back to its parent is slim, this suggests that alloparental care may play a role in the survival of juveniles in this species, a hypothesis first suggested a century ago but rarely tested. Here, using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, we find evidence of alloparental care inA. equina. Our results indicate that while a high proportion of juveniles were genetically identical to their brooding adult, the remaining juveniles showed stark genetic differences to their brooding adult. These juveniles shared far fewer alleles with their “parent” than expected under sexual reproduction, indicating that they were not the adult's offspring. Furthermore, we found variation in the genetic composition of broods, which consisted either of (a) entirely genetically identical individuals, (b) a mix of unique individuals and clonemates or (c) entirely unique individuals, that is no shared genotype. Our results thus indicate that adultA. equinatolerate the presence of non‐offspring within their gastric cavity and furthermore that they may incubate entirely “foreign” broods.
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
1976
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
F. Chia
通讯作者：
F. Chia
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
4.9
作者：
H. Gibbs;K. Prior;P. J. Weatherhead
通讯作者：
P. J. Weatherhead
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Best;S. Elwen;P. Palsbøll;M. Thornton;Evan Austin;Katja Vinding
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
1.2
作者：
M. Carter;C. H. Thorp
通讯作者：
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