The family correlates of maternal and paternal perceptions of differential treatment in early childhood
The family correlates of maternal and paternal perceptions of differential treatment in early childhood
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家庭与母亲和父亲对幼儿期差别待遇的看法相关
DOI：
10.2307/585120
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
B. Volling
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Volling
为了确定(1)父母是否“偏爱”弟弟妹妹而不是哥哥姐姐，我们对学龄前兄弟姐妹的父母进行了不同父母对待的家庭模式的检查；(2)在父母教养的情感、控制和偏爱维度上，差异对待是否也出现了相似的分布；(3)在不同的父母差别待遇家庭星座中，家庭功能是否存在不同的相关关系。大多数父母报告说，他们平等对待两个孩子，不会偏爱年幼的孩子而不喜欢年长的孩子。在差异控制的情况下，母亲对哥哥姐姐的管教多于弟弟妹妹。母亲们关于差别偏爱的报告与她们关于差别情感和控制的报告并不平行，但是差别父亲偏爱和差别享受之间存在联系。差别待遇的一致模式（即母亲和父亲表现出相同的模式）是最常见的。最佳的家庭功能并不总是与兄弟姐妹的平等对待有关。大量文献记录了儿童行为问题、婚姻冲突和强制性养育之间的联系（见Cummings & Davies, 1994; Patterson, 1982），强调了家庭互动对幼儿心理适应的重要性。然而，最近的行为遗传学研究中最引人注目的发现之一表明，在同一家庭中长大的兄弟姐妹在性格结果和精神病理学方面存在巨大差异（Dunn & Plomin, 1990; Plomin & Daniels, 1987）。事实上，在同一家庭中长大的兄弟姐妹在个体结果上往往与来自不同家庭的孩子一样不同（Plomin, Chipeur, & Neiderhiser, 1994; Plomin & Daniels, 1987）。此外，兄弟姐妹之间在心理结果方面的任何相似之处都被认为是遗传的，而兄弟姐妹之间的差异被认为主要是由于非共享的环境影响（即，兄弟姐妹经历的环境方面不同）。非共享环境的四个可能来源被认为可以解释家庭中兄弟姐妹的差异：(a)父母的不同对待（即父母对待两个孩子的方式不同）；(b)不同的兄弟姐妹经历（即两个孩子相互提供的不同经历）；(3)不同的同伴经历（即兄弟姐妹有不同的同伴群体）；(4)个人特有的事故和疾病（见Plomin & Daniels， 1987）。为了探索家庭内部的不同经历与兄弟姐妹差异之间的各种关系，一些研究人员将重点放在了母亲的不同待遇上。不仅母亲对大孩子和小孩子的反应和控制不同，而且这种母亲对待的差异与兄弟姐妹关系中更多的兄弟姐妹对抗和更少的亲社会行为有关（Brody, Stoneman, & Burke, 1987; Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy, 1992a; Bryant & Crockenberg, 1980; Hetherington, 1988; Stocker, Dunn, & Plomin, 1989; Volling & Belsky, 1992），并且与“不受宠爱”的孩子更大的适应困难有关(Dunn, Stocker, & Plomin, 1990；McGuire, Dunn, & Plomin, 1995；Stocker, 1993,1995)。虽然研究较少，但目前的证据表明，父亲对待年长和年幼的孩子也存在差异，而且父亲的差异对待也与兄弟姐妹互动的质量（Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy, 1992a; Volling & Belsky, 1992）和兄弟姐妹适应结果（Stocker, 1995）有关。有趣的是，几项研究表明，父母双方倾向于对年幼的孩子施加更多的情感、控制和反应行为，而不是对年长的孩子（Brody等人. ...）
Family patterns of differential parental treatment were examined for both mothers and fathers of preschool-aged siblings in an effort to determine (I ) whether parents "favored" the younger sibling over the older sibling; (2) whether similar distributions of differential treatment emerged across the affection, control and favoritism dimensions of parenting; and (3) whether different correlates of family functioning emerged across different family constellations of differential parental treatment. Most parents reported treating their two children equally and did not favor younger children over their older siblings. In the case of differential control, mothers reported disciplining older siblings more than a younger brother or sister. Mothers' reports of differential favoritism did not parallel their reports of differential affection and control, yet there was an association between differential paternal favoritism and differential enjoyment. Congruent patterns of differential treatment (i.e., mothers and fathers showed the same pattern) were the most frequent. Optimal family functioning was not always associated with equal treatment of siblings. Key Words: differential treatment, family systems, fathers, siblings The extensive literature documenting the associations between children's behavior problems, marital conflict, and coercive parenting (see Cummings & Davies, 1994; Patterson, 1982) underscores the importance of family interaction for the young child's psychological adjustment. One of the most striking findings from recent behavioral genetic research, however, suggests that there are vast differences between siblings raised in the same family with regard to personality outcomes and psychopathology (Dunn & Plomin, 1990; Plomin & Daniels, 1987). Indeed, siblings who are raised in the same family are often as different from one another on individual outcomes as they are from children raised in different families (Plomin, Chipeur, & Neiderhiser, 1994; Plomin & Daniels, 1987). Moreover, any similarities noted between siblings with respect to psychological outcomes are believed to be genetic in origin while differences between siblings are believed to be due largely to nonshared environmental influences (i.e., those aspects of the environment experienced differently by siblings). Four possible sources of the nonshared environment are thought to account for sibling differences within families: (a) differential parental treatment (i.e., differences in how a parent treats both children); (b) differential sibling experience (i.e., the different experiences the two children provide for one another); (3) differential peer experiences (i.e., siblings have different peer groups); and (4) accidents and illnesses unique to the individual (see Plomin & Daniels, 1987). In an effort to explore the various ways that differential experiences within the family are correlated with sibling differences, several investigators have focused on differential maternal treatment. Not only do mothers respond to and control their older and younger children differently, but this difference in maternal treatment is related to more sibling antagonism and less prosocial behavior in the sibling relationship (Brody, Stoneman, & Burke, 1987; Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy, 1992a; Bryant & Crockenberg, 1980; Hetherington, 1988; Stocker, Dunn, & Plomin, 1989; Volling & Belsky, 1992), and to greater adjustment difficulties for the "less favored" child (Dunn, Stocker, & Plomin, 1990; McGuire, Dunn, & Plomin, 1995; Stocker, 1993, 1995). Although less extensively studied, current evidence suggests that fathers also treat the older and younger child differently, and differential paternal treatment is also related to the quality of sibling interaction (Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy, 1992a; Volling & Belsky, 1992) and sibling adjustment outcomes (Stocker, 1995). Interestingly, several studies report that both parents tend to direct more affection, control, and responsive behavior to the younger child than the older child (Brody et al. …
母亲和父亲对兄弟姐妹区别对待的一致性：与家庭关系和儿童福祉的联系。
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
McHale,SM;Crouter,AC;McGuire,SA;Updegraff,KA
通讯作者：
Updegraff,KA