The role of wetland microinvertebrates in spreading human diseases
The role of wetland microinvertebrates in spreading human diseases
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湿地微型无脊椎动物在传播人类疾病中的作用
DOI：
10.1007/s11273-014-9373-3
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Yamasaki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yamasaki
人为污染物负荷不断增加，再加上气候变化事件，很可能导致许多湿地的环境变化，对本地微型无脊椎动物和病原体产生影响，导致水媒疾病的发生率增加，每年影响数百万人。在湿地中，细菌病原体被许多原生动物和滤食性生物积极捕食，但这种捕食可以通过某些微无脊椎动物作为宿主提供的营养和保护来补偿，例如，几丁质轮虫桡足类和枝角类。生态，生物和遗传成分的复杂相互作用介导致病生物体利用微无脊椎动物宿主占据不同的生态位，获得营养，并承受物理化学压力。人类病原体在湿地中的持久性往往是通过它们与微无脊椎动物的联系实现的，也取决于它们的群体感应介导的定殖、生物膜形成、转入休眠阶段和适应性基因的水平转移。病原体的免疫逃避和适应性因素促进了与微型无脊椎动物的共生，IV型皮利、荚膜多糖、营养转运、毒力和结合蛋白、蛋白酶、几丁质酶和分泌系统。作为病媒的桡足类以及蚊和蠓类的水生卵/幼虫种群的时空变化，可影响霍乱、腹泻、疟疾、登革热、丝虫病和杜氏锥虫病的爆发。气候因素的变化（温度、盐度、气旋、降雨量等）和人为污染（污水、化肥和杀虫剂）可能改变微型无脊椎动物的丰度和生物多样性，从而可能加剧水媒病原体的持久性和扩散。因此，有必要采取生态水文和生态友好的干预措施，在保护湿地的同时管理湿地。
The increasing loads of anthropogenic pollutants, compounded with climate change events, are likely to induce environmental changes in many wetlands with impacts on the native microinvertebrates and pathogens causing increased occurrence of water-borne diseases, which affect millions of people each year. In wetlands bacterial pathogens are actively preyed on by many protozoa and filter-feeding organisms but this predation can be compensated by the nourishment and protection offered by certain microinvertebrates, acting as hosts, e.g., chitinous rotifers, copepods and cladocerans. The complex interactions of ecological, biological, and genetic components mediate disease-causing organisms to exploit microinvertebrate hosts to occupy diverse niches, obtain nutrition, and withstand physico-chemical stresses. The persistence of the human pathogens in wetlands is often enabled by their association with microinvertebrates and also depends on their quorum sensing mediated colonization, biofilm formation, switching into dormant stage, and horizontal transfer of adaptive genes. The symbiosis with microinvertebrates is facilitated by the pathogen’s immune evasion and fitness factors, e.g., Type-IV pili, capsular-polysaccharides, nutrient transportation, virulence and binding proteins, proteases, chitinases, and secretion systems. Spatio-temporal variation in the population of copepods and aquatic eggs/larvae of mosquitoes and midge flies, which act as vectors, can influence the outbreaks of cholera, diarrhea, malaria, dengue, filariasis and drucunculiasis. Changes in climatic factors (temperature, salinity, cyclones, rainfall, etc.) and anthropogenic pollutions (sewage, fertilizer and insecticide) may modify the abundance and biodiversity of microinvertebrates, and thus possibly exacerbate the persistence and dispersal of water-borne pathogens. Thus there is a need to adopt ecohydrological and eco-friendly interventions for managing wetlands while conserving them.
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