Rhizobiales as functional and endosymbiontic members in the lichen symbiosis of Lobaria pulmonaria L.
Rhizobiales as functional and endosymbiontic members in the lichen symbiosis of Lobaria pulmonaria L.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2015.00053
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Berg G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Erlacher A;Cernava T;Cardinale M;Soh J;Sensen CW;Grube M;Berg G
根瘤菌目（Alphaproteobacteria）是植物-微生物相互作用的有益伙伴。虽然以前已经证明α-变形菌是地衣菌体生长的主要类群，但对地衣共生中根瘤菌目的发生和功能知之甚少。我们分析了肺地衣Lobaria pulmonaria L.的宏基因组数据集中根瘤菌目的分类结构和功能。总细菌的三分之一（32.2%）属于根瘤菌目，特别是甲基杆菌科、慢生根瘤菌科和根瘤菌科。大约20%的宏基因组分配不能被放置在任何根瘤菌目谱系中，这表明尚未描述的细菌多样性。基于种子的功能分析集中在根瘤菌目，并揭示了支持共生的功能，包括生长素和维生素的生产，固氮和胁迫保护。我们还使用了一种专门开发的探针定位根瘤菌的荧光原位杂交后，激光共聚焦扫描显微镜（FISH-CLSM）。细菌优先定植真菌表面，但有明确的证据表明，根瘤菌目的成员能够侵入不同深度的菌丝间凝胶基质的地衣皮层上，至少偶尔有些细菌也能够定植真菌菌丝的内部。有趣的是，地衣以及真菌和植物相关细菌的内共生细菌生命的逐渐发展被发现。研究根瘤菌目的新工具，FISH显微镜和比较宏基因组学，表明地衣比植物具有类似的有益作用，将有助于更好地了解根瘤菌-宿主相互作用及其生物技术潜力。
Rhizobiales (Alphaproteobacteria) are well-known beneficial partners in plant-microbe interactions. Less is known about the occurrence and function of Rhizobiales in the lichen symbiosis, although it has previously been shown that Alphaproteobacteria are the dominating group in growing lichen thalli. We have analyzed the taxonomic structure and assigned functions to Rhizobiales within a metagenomic dataset of the lung lichen Lobaria pulmonaria L. One third (32.2%) of the overall bacteria belong to the Rhizobiales, in particular to the families Methylobacteriaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Rhizobiaceae. About 20% of our metagenomic assignments could not be placed in any of the Rhizobiales lineages, which indicates a yet undescribed bacterial diversity. SEED-based functional analysis focused on Rhizobiales and revealed functions supporting the symbiosis, including auxin and vitamin production, nitrogen fixation and stress protection. We also have used a specifically developed probe to localize Rhizobiales by confocal laser scanning microscopy after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH-CLSM). Bacteria preferentially colonized fungal surfaces, but there is clear evidence that members of the Rhizobiales are able to intrude at varying depths into the interhyphal gelatinous matrix of the upper lichen cortical layer and that at least occasionally some bacteria also are capable to colonize the interior of the fungal hyphae. Interestingly, the gradual development of an endosymbiotic bacterial life was found for lichen- as well as for fungal- and plant-associated bacteria. The new tools to study Rhizobiales, FISH microscopy and comparative metagenomics, suggest a similar beneficial role for lichens than for plants and will help to better understand the Rhizobiales-host interaction and their biotechnological potential.
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