Defending the leaf surface: intra- and inter-specific differences in silicon deposition in grasses in response to damage and silicon supply.
Defending the leaf surface: intra- and inter-specific differences in silicon deposition in grasses in response to damage and silicon supply.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2015.00035
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Wade RN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hartley SE;Fitt RN;McLarnon EL;Wade RN
了解草类与其食草动物之间的相互作用对于保护物种丰富的草原和保护我们最重要的作物免受害虫侵害至关重要。草对它们的天敌采取了一系列防御措施;硅基防御措施已被证明是最有效的防御措施之一。硅（Si）以刺和其他尖锐体的形式沉积在叶子表面，称为植硅体，使草具有研磨性，其叶子不能被食草动物消化。之前关于硅防御的研究发现，密切相关的物种在叶子中可能具有相似的硅水平，但在磨蚀性上存在显着差异。在这里，我们展示了如何丰富的硅植硅体和刺的数量，形状和分布不同的内部和不同的草种之间，并表明物种也有不同的能力，改变这些防御的沉积和分布，以应对损害或增加硅供应。具体来说，我们测试了两种基因型的高羊茅已知不同的表面纹理和三种不同的草种（F。ovina，F. rubra和Deschampsia cespitosa）对叶片损伤和Si供应的组合操作的磨损性不同。F.粗糙叶表面的高羊茅植株比柔软叶表面的高羊茅植株具有更高的硅含量和更多的刺。F. ovina和D.丛生植物增加了它们的叶片硅浓度，并产生了响应于硅添加的叶表面上的叶刺和植硅体的数量的增加。红色也增加了叶硅含量的处理，特别是在受损的叶片，但没有存款这在刺的形式或增加密度的植硅体。我们讨论了如何在草存款硅的形式可能会影响其抗草食动物的特性，并考虑在配置的差异，以硅为基础的防御草种之间的生态和农业的影响。
Understanding interactions between grasses and their herbivores is central to the conservation of species-rich grasslands and the protection of our most important crops against pests. Grasses employ a range of defenses against their natural enemies; silicon-based defenses have been shown to be one of the most effective. Silicon (Si) is laid down on the leaf surface as spines and other sharp bodies, known as phytoliths, making grasses abrasive and their foliage indigestible to herbivores. Previous studies on Si defenses found that closely related species may have similar levels of Si in the leaves but differ markedly in abrasiveness. Here we show how the number, shape and distribution of Si-rich phytoliths and spines differ within and between different grass species and demonstrate that species also differ in their ability to change the deposition and distribution of these defenses in response to damage or increases in Si supply. Specifically, we tested the response of two genotypes of Festuca arundinacea known to differ in their surface texture and three different grass species (F. ovina, F. rubra, and Deschampsia cespitosa) differing in their abrasiveness to combined manipulation of leaf damage and Si supply. F. arundinacea plants with a harsh leaf surface had higher Si content and more spines on their leaf surface than soft varieties. F. ovina and D. cespitosa plants increased their leaf Si concentration and produced an increase in the number of leaf spines and phytoliths on the leaf surface in response to Si addition. F rubra also increased leaf Si content in response to treatments, particularly in damaged leaves, but did not deposit this in the form of spines or increased densities of phytoliths. We discuss how the form in which grasses deposit Si may affect their anti-herbivore characteristics and consider the ecological and agricultural implications of the differences in allocation to Si-based defenses between grass species.
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