Functional organization of postsynaptic glutamate receptors.
Functional organization of postsynaptic glutamate receptors.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.002
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发表时间：
2018-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
MacGillavry HD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Scheefhals N;MacGillavry HD
谷氨酸受体是大脑中含量最丰富的兴奋性神经递质受体，负责介导神经网络中绝大多数的兴奋性传递。AMPA和NMDA型离子型谷氨酸受体(IGluRs)是介导快速突触反应的配基门控离子通道，而代谢型谷氨酸受体(MGluRs)连接到下游的信号级联，作用的时间尺度要慢得多。这些功能不同的受体亚型在单个突触上共同表达，允许对突触后兴奋性和可塑性进行精确的时间调制。有趣的是，这些受体相对于突触前释放部位的分布是不同的。虽然iGluR在突触的核心直接与释放部位相对，但mGluR优先位于突触的边缘。因此，要了解这些受体对突触传递的不同贡献，不仅要考虑它们的信号特性，还要考虑控制这些受体类型在突触内的空间隔离的机制。在这篇综述中，我们将集中于控制谷氨酸受体在突触后膜上相对于释放部位的组织的机制，并讨论该组织如何调节突触的生理。
Glutamate receptors are the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, responsible for mediating the vast majority of excitatory transmission in neuronal networks. The AMPA- and NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the fast synaptic responses, while metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are coupled to downstream signaling cascades that act on much slower timescales. These functionally distinct receptor sub-types are co-expressed at individual synapses, allowing for the precise temporal modulation of postsynaptic excitability and plasticity. Intriguingly, these receptors are differentially distributed with respect to the presynaptic release site. While iGluRs are enriched in the core of the synapse directly opposing the release site, mGluRs reside preferentially at the border of the synapse. As such, to understand the differential contribution of these receptors to synaptic transmission, it is important to not only consider their signaling properties, but also the mechanisms that control the spatial segregation of these receptor types within synapses. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that control the organization of glutamate receptors at the postsynaptic membrane with respect to the release site, and discuss how this organization could regulate synapse physiology.
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