Modification of climate signals by human activities recorded in varved sediments (AD 1608–1942) of Lake Holzmaar (Germany)
Modification of climate signals by human activities recorded in varved sediments (AD 1608–1942) of Lake Holzmaar (Germany)
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霍尔兹马尔湖（德国）的 varved 沉积物（公元 1608 年至 1942 年）中记录的人类活动对气候信号的修改
DOI：
10.1007/s10933-013-9749-z
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发表时间：
1942
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Nowaczyk NR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kienel U;Lücke A;Dulski P;Schwab MJ;Nowaczyk NR
Holzmaar湖（Eifel，德国）的古湖沼学数据与人类活动的文献资料相结合，长期的数据从历史气候数据库（HISKLID）为德国和最近的监测数据，以评估气候和人类的影响所产生的沉积变化。沉积物数据包括已建立的纹层年表（公元1608-1942年）中的季节性层厚度、亚年度化学元素计数和多年有机质数据（TOC、TN、δ 13 Corg），所有这些数据都在年度尺度上结合起来。碎屑沉积指标（成岩元素计数和碎屑层）确定的第一个主成分（PC 1）的沉积物数据。将此碎屑PC 1与来自HISKLID的季节性降水和温度的第一个PC进行比较。虽然没有发现降水的关系，与温度PC 1确定的春季到秋季温度的相关性是显着的。从1608年至1870年，正相关的PC表明增加碎屑沉积在湖中心的非冬季温度的增加。这些可能与湖泊内部沉积物再沉积有关，当冬季分层的时间变短，湖泊环流的时间变长时，沉积物再沉积会增加。碎屑沉积调制外部碎屑输入取决于强度的侵蚀有益的土地利用（木材牧场，木材砍伐，和旋转刀耕火种的耕作）。当鼠疫流行、战争和移民导致土地利用减缓、人口减少时，碎屑输入减少。1870年后，森林再生和农业实践的改善使集水区稳定下来。侵蚀和碎屑沉积逐渐减少。碎屑沉积的负相关性与逐渐升高的温度大概模仿的因果关系，虽然减少冻融作用的链接是可能的。农业现代化随着施肥和施肥的进行而进行，这导致了湖泊生产力的增加，夏季硅藻大量繁殖，营养需求增加，δ 13 Corg值和硫浓度增加。在这个完善的数据库中，我们发现了可用于推断自然气候或人为影响的标准组合。这些影响的定量归因在古湖泊学中仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务，因为它们的相互作用使得即使在高度详细的情况下也很难检测到联系机制，并且过程本身仍然存在争议。
Paleolimnological data from varved sediments in Lake Holzmaar (Eifel, Germany) were combined with documentary data on human activities, long-term data from the Historical Climate Database (HISKLID) for Germany and with recent monitoring data to evaluate changes in deposition that arose from climatic and human influences. The sediment data included seasonal layer thickness in an established varve chronology (1608–1942 AD), subannual chemical element counts, and multiannual organic matter data (TOC, TN, δ13Corg), all combined on an annual scale. Indicators for detritus deposition (lithogenic element counts and detritus layers) determined the first principal component (PC1) of the sediment data. This detritus PC1 was compared to the first PCs of the seasonal precipitation and temperature from HISKLID. While no relation was found to precipitation, the correlation with the temperature PC1 determined by spring to fall temperatures was significant. From 1608 to 1870, a positive correlation of the PCs suggests an increase of detritus deposition in the lake center with increasing non-winter temperatures. These may be linked by lake-internal sediment redeposition that increases when the periods of winter stratification become shorter and that of lake circulation longer. The detritus deposition is modulated by external detritus input depending on the intensity of erosion-conducive land use (wood pasture, wood cutting, and rotational slash-and-burn cultivation). Detritus input diminished when land use slowed down with population decrease as the consequence of plague epidemics, warfare and emigration. After 1870, forest regeneration and improving agricultural practices led to a stabilization of the catchment. Erosion and detritus deposition decreased progressively. The negative correlation of detritus deposition with the gradually increasing temperature presumably mimics a cause-effect relation, although a link with decreasing freeze–thaw action is possible. The modernization of agriculture proceeded with manuring and fertilizing, which caused an increase of lake productivity as indicated by summer blooms of diatoms with enhanced nutrient demand, increased δ13Corgvalues and sulfur concentrations. Within this well established data base we found combinations of criteria that may be used to deduce natural climatic or anthropogenic influences. The quantitative attribution of these influences remains a challenging task in paleolimnology because their interaction makes the detection of linking mechanisms difficult even at high degree of detail and the processes themselves remain debatable.
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