Gradients and consequences of heterogeneity in biofilms.
Gradients and consequences of heterogeneity in biofilms.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41579-022-00692-2
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发表时间:
2022-10
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--
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Resource gradients influence, and are influenced by, metabolism and our impressions of microbial behavior in diverse ecosystems are not complete without complementary maps of the chemical and physical geographies that influence cellular activities. The interplay between gradient formation and physiology in microbial biofilms has far-reaching consequences for human health, industry, and engineering. In this Review, we discuss examples of gradient formation and physiological differentiation in biofilms growing in diverse settings. We also highlight some of the consequences of physiological heterogeneity in microbial communities, including division-of-labor and increased resistance to stress. A holistic view of microbial multicellularity, incorporating physical and chemical topography as well as the genetically encoded functions that operate within microenvironmental conditions, will be essential for understanding biofilm physiology and its many roles and potential applications.
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