How do noncompetent hosts cause dilution of parasitism? Testing hypotheses for native and invasive mosquitoes.
How do noncompetent hosts cause dilution of parasitism? Testing hypotheses for native and invasive mosquitoes.
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DOI：
10.1002/ecy.3452
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发表时间：
2021-10
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Juliano SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McIntire KM;Chappell KM;Juliano SA
寄生虫的稀释在不同的系统中发生，通过多种可能的机制。我们使用实验室操作和田间调查，通过两种特定的机制来测试入侵者诱导的寄生虫稀释：宿主-宿主竞争和减少遭遇。在实验室中，将三色伊蚊幼虫暴露于+/−寄生巴氏曲霉幼虫、+/−-1共生白纹伊蚊幼虫和+/−-1共生白纹伊蚊幼虫8种组合中的一种。白纹伊蚊对幼虫的感染强度(预计通过减少相遇稀释而降低)没有显著影响。白纹伊蚊的成虫感染率和感染强度(预计将通过宿主-宿主竞争稀释而降低)显著高于白纹伊蚊，这表明寄生虫是通过种间竞争放大的，这一影响可能是通过竞争延长三色曲线虫的发育时间而实现的。在野外，我们测试了潜在的稀释性寄主丰度对三色曲线虫幼虫巴雷蒂吸虫流行率和丰度的影响。分段通径分析没有发现寄主竞争影响田间寄生的证据，而是表明伊蚊对田间寄生有显著的直接负面影响。寄生虫丰度，这与田间遭遇减少稀释一致，但仅在树洞中，而不在人造容器中。我们的结果与非能力入侵者可以改变本地宿主/寄生虫关系的假设是一致的，但我们的实验室和现场数据得出了不同的结果。这种差异可能是由于室内实验检测了稀释寄主对寄生的人均影响，而田间分析检测了稀释寄主丰度对寄生的影响。就个体而言，与入侵者的寄主竞争扩大了寄生虫的成功，而不是稀释。相反，我们的通径分析与这样的假设是一致的，即寄生性的稀释是由于田间非胜任寄主数量的增加造成的。
Parasite dilution occurs in varied systems, via multiple potential mechanisms. We used laboratory manipulation and field survey to test for invader-induced parasite dilution via two specific mechanisms: host-host competition and encounter reduction. In the laboratory, single Aedes triseriatus larvae were exposed to one of 8 combinations of: +/− parasitic Ascogregarina barretti, +/−1 cohabiting Aedes albopictus larva during parasite exposure, and +/−1 cohabiting A. albopictus larva after infectious parasite removal. Larval infection intensity (predicted to decrease via dilution by encounter reduction) was not significantly affected by A. albopictus. Adult infection prevalence and intensity (predicted to decrease via dilution by host-host competition) were significantly greater with A. albopictus, suggesting parasite amplification by interspecific competition, an effect potentially mediated by competition increasing A. triseriatus development time. In the field, we tested for effects of potential dilution host abundances on prevalence and abundance of A. barretti in A. triseriatus larvae. Piece-wise path analysis yielded no evidence of host-host competition impacting parasitism in the field, but instead indicated a significant direct negative effect of Aedes spp. abundance on parasite abundance in A. triseriatus, which is consistent with dilution via encounter reduction in the field, but only in treeholes, not in man-made containers. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a non-competent invader can alter the native host/parasite relationship, but our laboratory and field data yield differing results. This difference is likely due to laboratory experiment testing for per capita effects of dilution hosts on parasitism, but the field analysis testing for effects of dilution host abundance on parasitism. Individually, host-host competition with the invader amplifies, rather than dilutes, parasite success. In contrast, our path analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that dilution of parasitism results from increased abundance of noncompetent hosts in the field.
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