Exaptation of transposable elements into novel cis-regulatory elements: is the evidence always strong?
Exaptation of transposable elements into novel cis-regulatory elements: is the evidence always strong?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1093/molbev/mst045
复制
发表时间：
2013-06
影响因子：
10.7
通讯作者：
Rubinstein M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Souza FS;Franchini LF;Rubinstein M
转座因子是一种移动的遗传序列，可以在基因组中从一个位置跳到另一个位置，表现为基因组寄生虫。TE在定殖哺乳动物基因组中特别有效，并且预期这种重TE负载具有条件基因组进化。事实上，在基因和基因组水平上进行的研究已经发现TE插入似乎已经被增选或exapted-by提供转录因子结合位点（TFBS），作为启动子和增强子，导致TE exaptation的假设是一个主要因素在基因调控的演变。在这里，我们严格审查的证据exaptation TE衍生的序列TFBS，启动子，增强子和沉默/绝缘体在基因和基因组水平。我们将归因于TE插入的功能影响分为四类日益复杂，并认为到目前为止，很少有研究最终证明TE作为转录调控区的外适应。我们还认为，许多基因组范围内的研究与TE exaptation在最近的谱系哺乳动物仍然是不确定的，TE动员介导的快速转录调控重新布线的假设必须谨慎。最后，我们建议的实验方法，可能有助于归因于高阶功能的候选exapted TE。
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences that can jump around the genome from one location to another, behaving as genomic parasites. TEs have been particularly effective in colonizing mammalian genomes, and such heavy TE load is expected to have conditioned genome evolution. Indeed, studies conducted both at the gene and genome levels have uncovered TE insertions that seem to have been co-opted—or exapted—by providing transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that serve as promoters and enhancers, leading to the hypothesis that TE exaptation is a major factor in the evolution of gene regulation. Here, we critically review the evidence for exaptation of TE-derived sequences as TFBSs, promoters, enhancers, and silencers/insulators both at the gene and genome levels. We classify the functional impact attributed to TE insertions into four categories of increasing complexity and argue that so far very few studies have conclusively demonstrated exaptation of TEs as transcriptional regulatory regions. We also contend that many genome-wide studies dealing with TE exaptation in recent lineages of mammals are still inconclusive and that the hypothesis of rapid transcriptional regulatory rewiring mediated by TE mobilization must be taken with caution. Finally, we suggest experimental approaches that may help attributing higher-order functions to candidate exapted TEs.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Ahituv N;Zhu Y;Visel A;Holt A;Afzal V;Pennacchio LA;Rubin EM
通讯作者：
Rubin EM
影响因子：
30.8
作者：
Faulkner, Geoffrey J.;Kimura, Yasumasa;Carninci, Piero
通讯作者：
Carninci, Piero
DOI：
10.1038/nrg2636
发表时间：
2009-09
期刊：
Nature reviews. Genetics
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Boffelli, D;McAuliffe, J;Rubin, EM
通讯作者：
Rubin, EM