The effects of tool comparisons when estimating the likelihood of task success
The effects of tool comparisons when estimating the likelihood of task success
复制标题
评估任务成功可能性时工具比较的影响
DOI：
10.1017/s1930297500008354
复制
发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Paul D. Windschitl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shuqi Li;Jane E. Miller;Jillian O’Rourke Stuart;Sean J. Jules;A. Scherer;Andrew R. Smith;Paul D. Windschitl
人们经常使用工具来完成任务，有时对于给定的任务是否可以使用给定的工具来完成存在不确定性。该项目探讨了人们对成功完成任务的乐观态度是否，何时以及如何受到更好或更差工具的上下文显着性的影响。在六项研究中，参与者面临着新的任务。对于每一项任务，他们都被分配了一个工具，但也暴露在一个比较工具中，这个工具在效用上更好或更差（有时效用相似）。在一些研究中，工具比较基本上是社会比较，因为工具被分配给另一个人。在其他研究中，工具比较仅仅是反事实的，而不是社会的。研究揭示了对比对乐观的影响，这种影响在两个方向上都起作用。也就是说，较差的比较工具促进了乐观情绪，而较好的工具则抑制了乐观情绪。观察到的对比效果与一般类型的比较无关（例如，社会的，反事实的）。这些比较也影响了关于尝试哪个任务（为了奖品）的离散决策，这是一个重要的发现，可以排除对对比效应的肤浅的尺度解释。人们在评估任务成功的可能性时，似乎未能排除不相关的工具比较信息，从而导致有偏见的乐观和决策。
People often use tools for tasks, and sometimes there is uncertainty about whether a given task can be completed with a given tool. This project explored whether, when, and how people’s optimism about successfully completing a task with a given tool is affected by the contextual salience of a better or worse tool. In six studies, participants were faced with novel tasks. For each task, they were assigned a tool but also exposed to a comparison tool that was better or worse in utility (or sometimes similar in utility). In some studies, the tool comparisons were essentially social comparisons, because the tool was assigned to another person. In other studies, the tool comparisons were merely counterfactual rather than social. The studies revealed contrast effects on optimism, and the effect worked in both directions. That is, worse comparison tools boosted optimism and better tools depressed optimism. The contrast effects were observed regardless of the general type of comparison (e.g., social, counterfactual). The comparisons also influenced discrete decisions about which task to attempt (for a prize), which is an important finding for ruling out superficial scaling explanations for the contrast effects. It appears that people fail to exclude irrelevant tool-comparison information from consideration when assessing their likelihood of success on a task, resulting in biased optimism and decisions.
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
D. Wegener;R. Petty
通讯作者：
D. Wegener;R. Petty
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
W. Matthews;Neil Stewart
通讯作者：
W. Matthews;Neil Stewart