Viruses direct carbon cycling in lake sediments under global change.
Viruses direct carbon cycling in lake sediments under global change.
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病毒在全球变化下指导湖泊沉积物中的碳循环。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2202261119
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发表时间：
2022-10-11
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
微生物的病毒改变了生态系统中的碳和养分循环。这些影响可能在陆地和水之间的界面上很明显，那里积累了大量的植物凋落物供微生物分解。在这里，我们发现病毒是近岸湖泊沉积物中碳循环的更好预测因子，而不是我们可以通过从环境DNA中重建基因组来识别的最丰富的细菌和古生菌。除了降低细菌的生产力，病毒还携带了改变宿主对碳化合物加工的基因。在模拟未来凋落物输入的情景下，病毒的增加足以抵消其他全球变化驱动因素对水质的影响。总之，我们的研究结果表明，病毒在调节现在和未来的碳循环方面比人们所认识的更重要。全球变化正在改变微生物在陆地和淡水之间循环的大量碳，但人们对病毒如何介导这一过程知之甚少。在这里，我们表明，病毒直接在湖泊沉积物中的碳循环，这些影响加剧了未来的水的透明度和陆地有机质（tOM）的输入变化。使用实验tOM梯度内的沉积物中的一个明确的和黑暗的北方湖泊，我们确定了156个病毒操作分类单位（vOTU），其中21%强烈增加的丰度的关键细菌和古细菌，通过宏基因组组装的基因组（MAG）。MAG包括最丰富的原核生物，这本身与溶解有机物（DOM）的组成和温室气体（GHG）的浓度。病毒样颗粒的丰度增加分别与细菌代谢减少和DOM向氨基糖的转变有关，可能是通过细胞裂解释放的，而不是通过减少tOM降解积累的高分子量化合物。另外9.6%的vOTU携带与DOM和GHG相关的辅助代谢基因。总之，这些对宿主动态和代谢的不同影响可以解释为什么vOTU而不是MAG的丰度是碳循环的更好的总体预测因子。未来tOM数量的增加，而不是质量的增加，将改变病毒的组成和功能，对DOM池产生影响。鉴于病毒的重要性，在理解和预测淡水碳循环及其在全球环境变化下的未来时，现在必须明确考虑病毒。
Viruses of microorganisms alter carbon and nutrient cycling through ecosystems. These effects may be pronounced at the interface between land and water, where large amounts of plant litterfall accumulate for microbes to decompose. Here, we found that viruses were better predictors of carbon cycling in nearshore lake sediments than the most abundant bacteria and archaea that we could identify by reconstructing genomes from environmental DNA. Alongside reducing bacterial productivity, viruses harbored genes that changed host processing of carbon compounds. Increases in viruses under scenarios simulating future litterfall inputs were large enough to offset impacts of other global change drivers on water quality. Together, our results suggest that viruses are more important than appreciated for regulating present and future carbon cycling. Global change is altering the vast amount of carbon cycled by microbes between land and freshwater, but how viruses mediate this process is poorly understood. Here, we show that viruses direct carbon cycling in lake sediments, and these impacts intensify with future changes in water clarity and terrestrial organic matter (tOM) inputs. Using experimental tOM gradients within sediments of a clear and a dark boreal lake, we identified 156 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs), of which 21% strongly increased with abundances of key bacteria and archaea, identified via metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). MAGs included the most abundant prokaryotes, which were themselves associated with dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Increased abundances of virus-like particles were separately associated with reduced bacterial metabolism and with shifts in DOM toward amino sugars, likely released by cell lysis rather than higher molecular mass compounds accumulating from reduced tOM degradation. An additional 9.6% of vOTUs harbored auxiliary metabolic genes associated with DOM and GHGs. Taken together, these different effects on host dynamics and metabolism can explain why abundances of vOTUs rather than MAGs were better overall predictors of carbon cycling. Future increases in tOM quantity, but not quality, will change viral composition and function with consequences for DOM pools. Given their importance, viruses must now be explicitly considered in efforts to understand and predict the freshwater carbon cycle and its future under global environmental change.
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