A guide to extending and implementing generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE).

A guide to extending and implementing generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE).
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DOI:
10.1007/s10198-021-01367-0
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发表时间:
2022-04
期刊:
The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Phelps CE
Phelps CE
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lakdawalla DN;Phelps CE

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广义风险调整成本效益(GRACE)模型通过引入与健康相关的生活质量(QoL)的递减收益,对传统的成本效益分析(CEA)进行了推广。这从三个方面改变了CEA的实践:(1)与传统CEA相比,支付意愿(WTP)随未治疗的疾病严重程度或已存在的永久性残疾呈指数增长,轻病的WTP最终较低,重病的WTP较高;(2)平均治疗效果应根据结果的不确定性进行调整;(3)预期寿命与生活质量的边际替代率随健康状态的变化而变化。实施GRACE需要新的参数来描述生活质量的风险偏好,预期寿命(LE)和生活质量之间的边际替代率,以及治疗结果分布的方差和偏度。在本文中,我们提供了:(1)一个包含永久残疾可能性的广义WTP阈值;(2)一种更简单的方法来估计生活质量和生活质量之间的权衡率,无需进行逐个处理的估计;(3)一种更通用的疾病严重程度调整WTP的方法,允许生活质量中的非恒定相对风险厌恶;(4)利用“幸福”经济学中已有的经验方法,提出了一种评估生活质量的风险偏好的新方法;(5)为希望实施多期GRACE分析的从业者提供一步一步的指南。
The generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model generalizes conventional cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) by introducing diminishing returns to Health-Related Quality of Life (QoL). This changes CEA practice in three ways: (1) Willingness to pay (WTP) increases exponentially with untreated illness severity or pre-existing permanent disability, and WTP ends up lower for mild diseases but higher for severe diseases compared with conventional CEA; (2) Average treatment effectiveness should be adjusted for uncertainty in outcomes; and (3) The marginal rate of substitution between life expectancy and QoL varies with health state. Implementing GRACE requires new parameters describing risk preferences over QoL, the marginal rate of substitution between life expectancy (LE) and QoL, and the variance and skewness of treatment outcomes distributions. In this paper, we provide: (1) a generalized WTP threshold incorporating the possibility of permanent disability; (2) a simpler method to estimate the tradeoff rate between QoL and LE, eliminating the need to carry out treatment-by-treatment estimates; (3) a more-general method to adjust WTP for illness severity that permits non-constant relative risk-aversion in QoL; (4) a new approach to estimating risk-preferences over QoL, leveraging established empirical methods from “happiness” economics; and (5) a step-by-step guide for practitioners wishing to implement multi-period GRACE analyses.
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