Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States.
Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States.
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DOI：
10.1038/s41398-021-01552-y
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发表时间：
2021-08-20
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Gu X
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shuster A;O'Brien M;Luo Y;Berner LA;Perl O;Heflin M;Kulkarni K;Chung D;Na S;Fiore VG;Gu X
众所周知，COVID-19大流行等危机会加剧抑郁和焦虑，尽管它们的时间轨迹仍未得到充分研究。本研究旨在利用COVID-19大流行作为模型危机来调查抑郁和焦虑的波动。从2020年4月2日开始，共有1512名生活在美国的成年人参加了这项在线研究，每周接受评估，持续10周（直到2020年6月4日）。我们分别使用Zung抑郁自评量表和状态-特质焦虑量表（状态子量表）以及人口统计学和covid - 19相关调查来测量抑郁和焦虑。线性混合效应模型用于检查导致抑郁和焦虑纵向变化的因素。我们发现抑郁和焦虑水平在四月初很高，但随着时间的推移而下降。女性、年龄较小、收入较低、既往精神病学诊断与较高的总体焦虑和抑郁水平相关；此外，结婚与总体抑郁水平较低有关，但与焦虑无关。重要的是，随着时间的推移，covid - 19相关经济影响的恶化和预计大流行持续时间的增加加剧了抑郁和焦虑。最后，随着时间的推移，知情程度的提高与抑郁程度的降低相关，而COVID-19严重程度的增加（即病例的7天变化）和社交媒体的使用与焦虑呈正相关。这些发现不仅为大流行最初几周的整体情绪适应提供了证据，而且还为在整个大流行第一波期间导致抑郁和焦虑的重叠但不同的因素提供了见解。
Crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain under-investigated. The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using the COVID-19 pandemic as a model crisis. A total of 1512 adults living in the United States enrolled in this online study beginning April 2, 2020 and were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4, 2020). We measured depression and anxiety using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related surveys. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety. We found that depression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time. Being female, younger age, lower-income, and previous psychiatric diagnosis correlated with higher overall levels of anxiety and depression; being married additionally correlated with lower overall levels of depression, but not anxiety. Importantly, worsening of COVID-related economic impact and increase in projected pandemic duration exacerbated both depression and anxiety over time. Finally, increasing levels of informedness correlated with decreasing levels of depression, while increased COVID-19 severity (i.e., 7-day change in cases) and social media use were positively associated with anxiety over time. These findings not only provide evidence for overall emotional adaptation during the initial weeks of the pandemic, but also provide insight into overlapping, yet distinct, factors contributing to depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of the pandemic.
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