Precipitated withdrawal from nicotine reduces reinforcing effects of a visual stimulus for rats.
Precipitated withdrawal from nicotine reduces reinforcing effects of a visual stimulus for rats.
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尼古丁的突然戒断会降低视觉刺激对大鼠的强化作用。
DOI：
10.1093/ntr/ntr293
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Donny,EricC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Weaver,MatthewT;Sweitzer,Maggie;Coddington,Sarah;Sheppard,Jaimee;Verdecchia,Nicole;Caggiula,AnthonyR;Sved,AlanF;Donny,EricC
研究已经确定尼古丁至少有两种积极的强化相关效应：（a）初级强化和（B）同时可用刺激的强化增强。先前对大鼠进行的增强尼古丁效应的实例表明，重复、间歇性尼古丁暴露增加了对非尼古丁增强剂的反应，并且这种效应在几周内保持稳健。然而，连续尼古丁暴露的影响，对响应的非尼古丁focercer是未知的，因为是突然撤回连续尼古丁对行为的影响保持相同focercer.MethodsLever按下一个固定的比例时间表的视觉focercer进行了评估，而大鼠被维持在一个慢性的，连续输注的尼古丁（3.16毫克/千克/天;渗透minipump）。沉淀撤退响应的影响，连续尼古丁暴露16天后，进行了评估，由会前皮下注射美加明（1.0 mg/kg）。ResultsContinuous尼古丁最初增加主动响应的视觉识别器，但是，持续暴露导致这种效果的衰减。戒烟尼古丁导致在积极responsibility.ConclusionsThe初始增加，在响应的视觉识别与慢性尼古丁暴露与先前的研究表明，间歇性暴露于尼古丁作为一个强化增强剂是一致的。然而，这种增强的衰减后，长期暴露于尼古丁与以前报道的持久性影响。最后，尼古丁戒断后视力下降至低于对照水平（未使用过尼古丁的动物），这突出了情感戒断的可能性，这可能是继续使用尼古丁的动机。
IntroductionResearch has identified at least two positive reinforcement-related effects of nicotine: (a) primary reinforcement and (b) enhancement of reinforcement from concurrently available stimuli. Prior examples of the reinforcement-enhancing effects with rats showed that repeated, intermittent nicotine exposure increased responding for non-nicotine reinforcers, and this effect remained robust over several weeks. However, the effects of continuous nicotine exposure on responding for a non-nicotine reinforcer are unknown, as are the effects of abruptly withdrawing continuous nicotine on behavior maintained by the same reinforcer.MethodsLever pressing for a visual reinforcer under a fixed ratio schedule was assessed while rats were maintained on a chronic, continuous infusion of nicotine (3.16 mg/kg/day; osmotic minipump). The effects of precipitated withdrawal on responding, following 16 days of continuous nicotine exposure, were assessed by pre-session subcutaneous injections of mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg).ResultsContinuous nicotine initially increased active responding for the visual reinforcer; however, continued exposure resulted in an attenuation of this effect. Precipitated withdrawal from nicotine resulted in a significant decline in active responding.ConclusionsThe initial increase in responding for the visual reinforcer with chronic nicotine exposure is consistent with prior research showing that intermittent exposure to nicotine acts as a reinforcement enhancer. However, the attenuation of this enhancement following prolonged nicotine exposure is in contrast with the persistent effects previously reported. Finally, the decrease in visual reinforcers below control levels (nicotine-naive animals) following nicotine withdrawal highlights a potential for affective withdrawal, which may serve as a motive for continued nicotine use.
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2006
期刊：
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影响因子：
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发表时间：
1988-11
期刊：
The New England journal of medicine
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