The Production of Poverty and the Poverty of Production in the Amazon: Reflections from Those at the Sharp End of Development
The Production of Poverty and the Poverty of Production in the Amazon: Reflections from Those at the Sharp End of Development
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亚马逊地区的生产贫困和生产贫困：来自发展最困难者的反思
DOI：
10.1080/10455752.2015.1058835
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ioris A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ioris A
世界上很少有地区像亚马逊地区那样引起如此多的政治生态争议。自弗朗西斯科·德奥雷利亚纳（ca. 1511年至1546年）和他对埃尔多拉多的史诗般的搜索，亚马逊一直以“奢侈”的地理，巨大的挑战，以及潜在的，甚至更大的回报而闻名。该地区被文艺复兴时期的编年史家和几代探险家认为是伊甸园的典型代表（Holanda 2000）。然而，在世纪之交高利润的橡胶生产带来的经济繁荣之后，不可避免地出现了自给自足农业和易货经济的逆转（掩体，1985）。在第二次世界大战后的时期，亚马逊成为西方现代化最具争议的前沿之一，这一过程吞噬了，但也重新创造了领土，关系和人民。特别是在其巴西部分--约占亚马逊河流域的67%--军事独裁实施了与发展有关的新举措，并导致越来越多的集水区和地区转变为密集的商品生产热点。快速致富的承诺，往往与文化隔阂和纯粹的迷恋相结合，再次为暴力征服、驱逐现有社区、没收土地、资源和生计提供了理由。生产和再生产的霸权关系故意无视生态限制，并积极地将自然纳入商品生产的逻辑，正是因为集体生态系统和领土资源的私有化可以赚钱（Ioris 2007）。这种变化远非政治中立，其产物主要集中在传统精英和新兴商业部门之间的联盟手中，并得到地方和国家公共当局的认可。
Few regions in the world have given rise to as much politico-ecological controversy as the Amazon. Since the time of Francisco de Orellana (ca. 1511–1546) and his epic search for El Dorado, the Amazon has been known for an “extravagant” geography, immense challenges, and, potentially, even greater rewards. The region was considered the archetypical representation of the Garden of Eden by renaissance chroniclers and generations of explorers (Holanda 2000). Yet, after the economic boom resultant from highly profitable rubber production at the turn of the 20th century, there was an inescapable reversal to subsistence agriculture and barter economy (Bunker 1985). In the post-World War II period, the Amazon became one of the most disputed frontiers of Western modernity, a process that engulfed, but also recreated, territories, relationships, and peoples. Particularly in its Brazilian section—which comprises around 67 percent of the Amazon River Basin—new developmentrelated initiatives were put into effect by the military dictatorship and resulted in an increasing conversion of catchments and localities into hotspots of intense commodity production. The promise of rapid enrichment, often combined with cultural estrangement and sheer fascination, provided once again the rationale for violent conquest, eviction of existing communities, and the expropriation of land, resources, and livelihoods. Hegemonic relations of production and reproduction have deliberately disregarded ecological limits and aggressively incorporated nature into the logic of commodity production exactly because of the money to be made from the privatization of collective ecosystems and territorial resources (Ioris 2007). Far from being politically neutral, the product of such changes has been primarily accumulated in the hands of a coalition held between traditional elites and emerging business sectors, endorsed by local and national public authorities.
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