Microbial iron acquisition: marine and terrestrial siderophores.
Microbial iron acquisition: marine and terrestrial siderophores.
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DOI：
10.1021/cr9002787
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发表时间：
2009-10
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Butler, Alison
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sandy, Moriah;Butler, Alison
绝大多数细菌的生长都需要铁。 1, 2 铁是关键生物过程所需的必需元素，包括氨基酸合成、氧运输、呼吸、固氮、产甲烷、柠檬酸循环、光合作用和 DNA 生物合成。然而，获取铁对大多数微生物来说都是挑战。虽然铁是地壳中第四丰富的过渡金属，但铁 (III)[Ksp of Fe (OH) 3) 10-39] 在有氧环境的生理 pH 值下不溶，严重限制了这种必需营养素的可用性。致病菌和海洋细菌在获取铁方面面临着类似的挑战，因为它们都生活在铁含量非常低的环境中。细菌通常需要微摩尔水平的总铁才能生长，但海洋表层水中的铁浓度仅为 0.01-2 nM。 3-7 在人体中，细胞铁含量也非常低，并且被乳铁蛋白、转铁蛋白和铁蛋白隔离，作为感染开始时的主要防御机制。 8 鉴于铁在细胞中的重要性，微生物进化出了多种途径，旨在从周围环境中提取铁，并根据铁库的分子限制进行定制，这并不奇怪（图 1）。在这篇综述中，首先概述了细菌获取铁的一般途径，以说明铁对微生物生长的独特重要性。本综述的重点是铁载体介导的铁吸收，特别是海洋铁载体的结构特征以及这些特征赋予的反应性。与陆地微生物和病原微生物相比，人们对海洋微生物铁转运的了解相对较少，但结构和反应性的比较可能暗示这些结构特征赋予海洋微生物的生物学优势，并很可能为某些病原体中铁载体介导的铁吸收提供见解。
The vast majority of bacteria require iron for growth. 1, 2 Iron is an essential element required for key biological processes, including amino acid synthesis, oxygen transport, respiration, nitrogen fixation, methanogenesis, the citric acid cycle, photosynthesis, and DNA biosynthesis. However, obtaining iron presents challenges for the majority of microorganisms. While iron is the fourth most abundant transition metal in the Earth’s crust, the insolubility of iron (III)[Ksp of Fe (OH) 3) 10-39] at physiological pH in aerobic environments severely limits the availability of this essential nutrient. Pathogenic and marine bacteria face similar challenges for obtaining iron because both live in very low iron environments. Bacteria typically require micromolar levels of total iron for growth, yet the iron concentration in the surface waters of the oceans is only 0.01-2 nM. 3-7 In humans cellular iron is also very low and is sequestered by lactoferrin, transferrin, and ferritin as a primary defense mechanism at the onset of infection. 8 Given its cellular importance, it is not surprising that microbes have evolved multiple pathways designed to extract iron from their surrounding environments, tailored to the molecular constraints of the iron pool (Figure 1). In this review, the general pathways by which bacteria acquire iron are considered first as an overview to illustrate the singular importance of iron for microbial growth. The focus of this review is on siderophore-mediated iron uptake, particularly structural characteristics of marine siderophores and the reactivity that these characteristics confer. Relatively little is known about marine microbial iron transport compared to that for terrestrial and pathogenic microbes, yet comparison of the structures and reactivity may hint at the biological advantage that these structural traits confer to marine microbes and very possibly provide insights to siderophore-mediated iron uptake in some pathogens.
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