A Public Consultation on Plant Molecular Farming
A Public Consultation on Plant Molecular Farming
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植物分子农业公众咨询
DOI：
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Medlock
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Einsiedel;J. Medlock
植物分子农业（PMF）是转基因植物持续研究和开发的另一个阶段，为生产治疗和工业蛋白质提供了可能性。分子农业涉及使用转基因植物来生产药品和工业产品。第一个在植物中（在本例中为烟草植物）中制造的药用蛋白质是人类生长激素（Barta 等人，1986）。自 1986 年该实验公开以来，其他蛋白质已经生产，从实验疫苗到抗体再到工业蛋白质（Breithaupt，2004；Fischer、Stoger、Schillberg、Christou 和 Twyman，2004；Ma、Drake 和 Christou，2003）。与此同时，植物分子农业带来了社会、环境和监管方面的挑战，在考虑如何成功、负责任地商业化这些产品时需要解决这些挑战。最近对监管程序进行了一些改变，以应对对种子生产和商品处理系统的功效（科学技术政策办公室，2002 年）、环境安全问题和食品供应污染（美国农业部，2004 年）的担忧。面对这些担忧，人们呼吁持续进行风险评估（Peterson & Arntzen，2004）、监管评估和改革、提高透明度以及加强公众和利益相关者的参与，一些人认为“最重要的是社会对技术的支持和对监管机构的信任”（Stewart & Knight，2005，第 521 页）。我们于 2003 年底开始了一项重大举措，调查 PMF 的各个商业化方面。这个较大的 PMF 项目的目的是调查该领域的政策和监管发展，并探索利益相关者的观点和看法。1 尽管有人呼吁评估公众对此问题的看法，但该领域的已发表研究很少。美国的一份报告（Nevitt 等人，2003 年）仅关注烟草作为 PMF 模型作物的使用，数据通过电话、面对面、电子邮件以及与一系列利益相关者（烟草生产商、政策制定者、非政府组织 [NGO] 和农业生物技术公司代表）的小组讨论获得。尽管大多数人都支持这项技术（非政府组织部门除外），但人们对环境影响和监管能力表示担忧。加拿大生物技术秘书处（加拿大联邦政府的一个部门）在其半年度生物技术调查工作中对 PMF 进行了讨论，其中有两个问题调查是否支持 PMF 的两种应用：白细胞介素（一种用于健康治疗的酶）的生产（80% 支持此应用）和可生物降解塑料的生产（78% 支持此应用）。没有其他研究
Plant molecular farming (PMF) is another phase in the ongoing research and development of transgenic plants, offering possibilities of producing therapeutic and industrial proteins. Molecular farming involves the use of genetically enhanced plants to produce pharmaceuticals and industrial products. The first pharmaceutical protein made in plants—in this case, the tobacco plant— was human growth hormone (Barta et al., 1986). Since 1986, when this experiment was publicized, other proteins have been produced, from experimental vaccines to antibodies to industrial proteins (Breithaupt, 2004; Fischer, Stoger, Schillberg, Christou, & Twyman, 2004; Ma, Drake, & Christou, 2003). At the same time, plant molecular farming raises social, environmental, and regulatory challenges that need to be addressed when considering how these products might be successfully and responsibly commercialized. Recent changes to regulatory processes have taken place in response to concerns about the efficacy of seed production and commodity handling systems (Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2002), environmental safety issues, and contamination of the food supply (United States Department of Agriculture, 2004). In the face of these concerns, calls have been made for ongoing risk assessment (Peterson & Arntzen, 2004), regulatory assessment and reform, greater transparency, and enhanced public and stakeholder participation, with some arguing that “it is social support for the technology and trust in regulatory institutions that matter most” (Stewart & Knight, 2005, p. 521). We began a major initiative to investigate various commercialization aspects of PMF in late 2003. The purpose of this larger PMF project is to investigate the policy and regulatory developments in this area and to explore stakeholder views and perceptions.1 Although calls have been made to assess public views on this issue, there is very little published research in this area. One report in the United States (Nevitt et al., 2003) focused only on the use of tobacco as the PMF model crop, with data obtained via interviews by phone, faceto-face, email, and small-group discussion with a range of stakeholders (tobacco producers, policymakers, nongovernmental organizations [NGOs], and agricultural biotechnology company representatives). Although most were supportive of this technology (with the exception of those from the NGO sector), concerns were expressed about environmental impacts and regulatory capacity. The Canadian Biotechnology Secretariat (an arm of the Canadian federal government) addressed PMF in its semiannual survey work on biotechnology with two questions investigating yes/no support for two PMF applications: the production of interleukin, an enzyme for health treatments (80% supported this application), and the production of biodegradable plastics (78% supported this application). No other study has
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Tacket, CO;Mason, HS;Arntzen, CJ
通讯作者：
Arntzen, CJ