Cashing out: The decisional flexibility of uncertainty responses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and humans (Homo sapiens).
Cashing out: The decisional flexibility of uncertainty responses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and humans (Homo sapiens).
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DOI：
10.1037/xan0000041
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发表时间：
2014-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Smith JD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zakrzewski AC;Perdue BM;Beran MJ;Church BA;Smith JD
研究人员正在探索动物是否与人类共享类似元认知能力的东西。虽然一些结果指出人类和动物在这一领域的连续性，但他们面临的主要批评是，动物的表现可能是联想的。一个持续存在的问题是，动物元认知范式目前的静态环境的风险和回报，可能会促进僵化和条件反射。这些环境并没有挑战动物在他们的决策策略中表现出灵活性，这可能表明了元认知的先行能力。因此，我们测试了猕猴和人类的不确定性监测模式，其中风险动态变化。参与者对不同难度的刺激进行分类，同时选择何时使用兑现反应来收集累积的奖励，这些奖励将因歧视错误而被没收。猕猴和人类灵活地调整了他们的决策标准，以实现适当的保护，防止错误的成本，这可能取决于试验难度和风险奖励的数量。特别是，随着累积奖励的增加，猴子扩大了他们的套现反应区域，为防止代价更高的错误提供了更多保护。这些发现表明，人类和动物的不确定性系统之间存在新的连续性。它们揭示了猕猴对当前风险与试验难度耐受性的校准。他们表明，动物的不确定性监测和风险管理系统具有很大的试验灵活性。
Researchers are exploring whether animals share with humans something like a metacognitive capacity. Though some results point to human-animal continuities in this domain, they face the dominant criticism that animals’ performances might be associative. A persistent problem is that animal-metacognition paradigms present static environments of risk and reward that may foster inflexible and conditioned responding. Those environments do not challenge animals to show the flexibility in their decision strategies that could indicate an antecedent capacity to metacognition. Accordingly, we tested macaques and humans on an uncertainty-monitoring paradigm in which risk changed dynamically. Participants classified stimuli of different difficulties while also choosing when to use a cashout response to collect the accumulated rewards that would be forfeit on a discrimination error. Macaques and humans flexibly adjusted their decision criteria to achieve appropriate protection against the cost of error that could differ depending on trial difficulty and the number of rewards at risk. In particular, monkeys widened their cashout-response region as their accumulated rewards increased, providing more protection against a more costly error. These findings demonstrate a new continuity between humans’ and animals’ uncertainty systems. They reveal a calibration by macaques of present risk to trial difficulty tolerated. They show that animals’ uncertainty-monitoring and risk-management systems have substantial trial-by-trial flexibility.
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