Differential modeling of fragile X syndrome by human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Differential modeling of fragile X syndrome by human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.stem.2010.04.005
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发表时间:
2010-05-07
期刊:
影响因子:
23.9
通讯作者:
Benvenisty N
Benvenisty N
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Urbach A;Bar-Nur O;Daley GQ;Benvenisty N

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在通过植入前遗传诊断确定携带脆性X突变的人类胚胎产生的胚胎干细胞(ESC)系中,FMR 1基因在未分化细胞中表达,但在ESC分化后经历转录沉默(Eiges等人,2007年)。在这里,我们从携带脆性X突变的个体的成纤维细胞产生了诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)系。尽管成功地将体细胞重编程为多能性,但FMR 1基因保持失活,并携带指示失活异染色质的DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰。这些数据突出了ESCs和iPSCs在脆性X障碍建模方面的关键差异。多能干细胞是模拟人类遗传疾病的潜在重要工具。人胚胎干细胞可以重演人发育的早期阶段,并且它们还可以分化成来自三个胚胎胚层的细胞(Schuldiner等人,2000; Thomson等人,1998年)。因此,人类多能干细胞可用于分析特定突变对各种细胞类型分化和早期发育过程的影响,否则无法进行研究。在过去的几年中,已经在多能干细胞中模拟了几种疾病,或者通过直接基因诱变,或者通过从胚胎中衍生ESC,所述胚胎通过植入前遗传诊断(PGD)确定携带遗传突变(Eiges et al.,2007; Urbach等人,2004;综述于Lengerke和Daley,2009)。最近,通过引入确定的因子,人多能干细胞已经从体细胞衍生(Lowry等人,2008年; Park等人,2008 c; Takahashi等人,2007年; Yu等人,2007年)。这些诱导的多能干细胞(iPSC)显示出与人ESC的显著相似性(Lowry等人,2008年; Park等人,2008 c; Takahashi等人,2007年; Yu等人,2007年)。通过重编程来自患者的体细胞,可以分离具有疾病特异性突变的多能细胞(Park等人,2008年a)。将体细胞重编程为多能细胞提出了iPSC是否能够在基础研究以及临床应用中取代人ESC的问题(贝尔蒙特(Belmonte)等人,2009年)。我们现在处于一个独特的位置来比较在ESC中表现的疾病表型与在iPSC中看到的那些。脆性X(FX)综合征是遗传性智力低下的最常见形式(Crawford et al.,2001; Rousseau等人,1992年)。它是由脆性X智力低下1(FMR 1)基因表达缺失引起的(奥唐纳和沃伦,2002)。绝大多数FX患者不表达FMR 1,这是由基因的50个非翻译区中的CGG三联体重复扩增引起的(Pearson等人,2005; Verkerk等人,1991年)。CGG重复的完全扩增通常与重复区及其上游启动子的超甲基化一致(Oberle et al.,1991),和染色质修饰如组蛋白H3尾部脱乙酰化、组蛋白H3 K9甲基化和组蛋白H3 K4脱甲基化(Coffee et al.,1999年)。直到最近,由于缺乏适当的动物模型,FMR 1沉默的早期事件还不能表征(Bontekoe等人,一九九七年;
In embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines generated from human embryos determined through preimplantation genetic diagnosis to carry the fragile X mutation, the FMR1 gene is expressed in undifferentiated cells but undergoes transcriptional silencing after ESC differentiation (Eiges et al., 2007). Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from fibroblasts of individuals carrying the fragile X mutation. Despite successful reprogramming of the somatic cells to pluripotency, the FMR1 gene remained inactive and carried DNA methylation and histone modifications indicative of inactive heterochromatin. These data highlight critical differences between ESCs and iPSCs in modeling fragile X disorder. Pluripotent stem cells are potentially an important tool to model human genetic disorders. Human embryonic stem cells can recapitulate early stages of human development, and they can also differentiate into cells from the three embryonic germ layers (Schuldiner et al., 2000; Thomson et al., 1998). Thus, human pluripotent stem cells can be used to analyze the effect of specific mutations on the differentiation of various cell types and on early developmental processes that are otherwise inaccessible for research. In the past few years, several diseases have been modeled in pluripotent stem cells, either by direct gene mutagenesis or by deriving ESCs from embryos determined by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to carry genetic mutation (Eiges et al., 2007; Urbach et al., 2004; reviewed in Lengerke and Daley, 2009). Recently, human pluripotent stem cells have been derived from somatic cells by introduction of defined factors (Lowry et al., 2008; Park et al., 2008c; Takahashi et al., 2007; Yu et al., 2007). These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) show remarkable similarity to human ESCs (Lowry et al., 2008; Park et al., 2008c; Takahashi et al., 2007; Yu et al., 2007). By reprogramming somatic cells from patients, one may isolate pluripotent cells that harbor disease-specific mutations (Park et al., 2008a). The reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent cells raised the question whether iPSCs will be able to replace human ESCs in basic research as well as in clinical applications (Belmonte et al., 2009). We are now in a unique position to compare disease phenotypes manifest in ESCs to those seen in iPSCs.Fragile X (FX) syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation (Crawford et al., 2001; Rousseau et al., 1992). It is caused by the absence of expression of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene (O’Donnell and Warren, 2002). The vast majority of FX patients do not express FMR1 resulting from CGG triplet repeat expansion in the 50 untranslated region of the gene (Pearson et al., 2005; Verkerk et al., 1991). Full expansion of the CGG repeat usually coincides with hypermethylation of the repeat region and its upstream promoter (Oberle et al., 1991), and with chromatin modifications such as histone H3 tail deacetylation, histone H3K9 methylation, and histone H3K4 demethylation (Coffee et al., 1999). Until recently, early events in FMR1 silencing could not be characterized because of the lack of an appropriate animal model (Bontekoe et al., 1997;
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.041
发表时间: 2008-09-05
期刊: Cell
影响因子: 64.5
作者:
Park IH;Arora N;Huo H;Maherali N;Ahfeldt T;Shimamura A;Lensch MW;Cowan C;Hochedlinger K;Daley GQ
通讯作者: Daley GQ
DOI: 10.1126/science.252.5009.1097
发表时间: 1991-05-24
期刊: SCIENCE
影响因子: 56.9
作者:
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通讯作者: MANDEL, JL
DOI: 10.1038/natureo6534
发表时间: 2008-01-10
期刊: NATURE
影响因子: 64.8
作者:
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DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.09.001
发表时间: 2007-11-01
期刊: CELL STEM CELL
影响因子: 23.9
作者:
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期刊: NATURE PROTOCOLS
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