Turn-taking: a case study of early gesture and word use in answering WHERE and WHICH questions.
Turn-taking: a case study of early gesture and word use in answering WHERE and WHICH questions.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00890
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Lindsey KL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clark EV;Lindsey KL
当幼儿回答问题时，他们比成年人回答得慢，似乎很难找到合适的词语。因为孩子们在做出反应之前会留下间隙，所以他们可能会用手势比用语言更快地回答。在这项研究中，我们比较手势和言语反应从一个孩子的年龄在1;4和3;5，成人在哪里和哪些问题，这可以回答手势和/或文字。在从纵向录像中提取了所有成人的“在哪里”和“在哪里”问题以及儿童的回答后，我们研究了从每个问题结束到回答开始的时间，并比较了手势和单词的时间。儿童的反应可以采取手势或单词的形式;后者可以是从成人问题中重复的单词或儿童检索的新词。或者反应可以是复杂的：手势+单词重复，手势+新单词，或者单词重复+新单词。手势是最快的整体，其次是单词重复，然后是新单词的反应。这种顺序，手势先于单词，表明孩子知道该回答什么，但需要更多的时间来检索任何相关的单词。简而言之，单词检索和发音似乎是回答时间的瓶颈：两者都增加了回答问题所需的计划。
When young children answer questions, they do so more slowly than adults and appear to have difficulty finding the appropriate words. Because children leave gaps before they respond, it is possible that they could answer faster with gestures than with words. In this study, we compare gestural and verbal responses from one child between the ages of 1;4 and 3;5, to adult Where and Which questions, which can be answered with gestures and/or words. After extracting all adult Where and Which questions and child answers from longitudinal videotaped sessions, we examined the timing from the end of each question to the start of the response, and compared the timing for gestures and words. Child responses could take the form of a gesture or word(s); the latter could be words repeated from the adult question or new words retrieved by the child. Or responses could be complex: a gesture + word repeat, gesture + new word, or word repeat + new word. Gestures were the fastest overall, followed successively by word-repeats, then new-word responses. This ordering, with gestures ahead of words, suggests that the child knows what to answer but needs more time to retrieve any relevant words. In short, word retrieval and articulation appear to be bottlenecks in the timing of responses: both add to the planning required in answering a question.
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影响因子：
4.6
作者：
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通讯作者：
Marchman VA
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02043.x
发表时间：
2012-09-01
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
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通讯作者：
Tomasello, Michael
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
Alter, Jennifer