Assessment of the potential respiratory hazard of volcanic ash from future Icelandic eruptions: a study of archived basaltic to rhyolitic ash samples
Assessment of the potential respiratory hazard of volcanic ash from future Icelandic eruptions: a study of archived basaltic to rhyolitic ash samples
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评估未来冰岛喷发火山灰的潜在呼吸危害：对存档的玄武岩到流纹岩火山灰样本的研究
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
K. Donaldson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Damby;C. Horwell;G. Larsen;T. Thordarson;M. Tomatis;B. Fubini;K. Donaldson
背景
冰岛埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖火山（2010年）和格里姆火山（2011年）的喷发，立即引发了国际社会对吸入火山灰呼吸健康危害的关注，并促使人们需要评估冰岛火山未来喷发对冰岛和北欧人口造成的潜在危害。
方法
按照国际火山健康危害网络专门设计的方案，对一系列涵盖冰岛火山过去喷发（从玄武质到流纹质岩浆成分）的存档火山灰样本进行了物理化学特性分析和毒理学评估。
结果
冰岛火山灰可能具有可吸入的尺寸（高达11.3体积%＜4μm），但就成分或形态而言，这些样本没有显示出致病性颗粒的物理化学特征。火山灰颗粒通常呈棱角状，由破碎的玻璃和晶体组成。观察到的纤维状颗粒很少，而且现有的纤维状颗粒由玻璃或氧化钠组成，与石棉或纤维状沸石等致病性天然纤维无关，因此减少了对相关呼吸系统疾病的担忧。所有样本均不含方石英或鳞石英，只有一个样本含石英，这些矿物因可能导致矽肺病而受到关注。样本表面积较低，范围从0.4到1.6平方米/克，这与对全球其他火山喷发的火山灰分析结果一致。与同时分析的对比样本相比，所有样本通过铁催化的芬顿反应产生的羟基自由基（HO•）水平较低，羟基自由基是衡量表面反应性的一个指标。然而，在“更新”样本表面后，自由基产生量增加，这表明新喷发的样本可能表现出更高的反应性。经过7天的培养后，测量到的可利用表面铁的含量因成分而异，范围从22.5到315.7微摩尔/平方米，其中镁铁质样本释放的铁比硅质样本多。在红细胞膜损伤测试中，所有样本均无反应。
结论
主要针对特定颗粒的担忧是冰岛火山未来喷发可能产生细小的可吸入物质，从而增加环境中颗粒物的浓度。这尤其适用于高度爆炸性的硅质火山喷发，但也适用于爆炸性玄武质火山喷发或与玄武质裂隙喷发相关的离散事件。
BackgroundThe eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull (2010) and Grímsvötn (2011), Iceland, triggered immediate, international consideration of the respiratory health hazard of inhaling volcanic ash, and prompted the need to estimate the potential hazard posed by future eruptions of Iceland’s volcanoes to Icelandic and Northern European populations.MethodsA physicochemical characterization and toxicological assessment was conducted on a suite of archived ash samples spanning the spectrum of past eruptions (basaltic to rhyolitic magmatic composition) of Icelandic volcanoes following a protocol specifically designed by the International Volcanic Health Hazard Network.ResultsIcelandic ash can be of a respirable size (up to 11.3 vol.% < 4 μm), but the samples did not display physicochemical characteristics of pathogenic particulate in terms of composition or morphology. Ash particles were generally angular, being composed of fragmented glass and crystals. Few fiber-like particles were observed, but those present comprised glass or sodium oxides, and are not related to pathogenic natural fibers, like asbestos or fibrous zeolites, thereby limiting concern of associated respiratory diseases. None of the samples contained cristobalite or tridymite, and only one sample contained quartz, minerals of interest due to the potential to cause silicosis. Sample surface areas are low, ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 m2 g−1, which aligns with analyses on ash from other eruptions worldwide. All samples generated a low level of hydroxyl radicals (HO•), a measure of surface reactivity, through the iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction compared to concurrently analyzed comparative samples. However, radical generation increased after ‘refreshing’ sample surfaces, indicating that newly erupted samples may display higher reactivity. A composition-dependent range of available surface iron was measured after a 7-day incubation, from 22.5 to 315.7 μmol m−2, with mafic samples releasing more iron than silicic samples. All samples were non-reactive in a test of red blood cell-membrane damage.ConclusionsThe primary particle-specific concern is the potential for future eruptions of Iceland’s volcanoes to generate fine, respirable material and, thus, to increase ambient PM concentrations. This particularly applies to highly explosive silicic eruptions, but can also hold true for explosive basaltic eruptions or discrete events associated with basaltic fissure eruptions.
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
IARC scientific publications.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kane,AB
通讯作者：
Kane,AB
2010 年默拉皮火山百年喷发产生的火山灰对呼吸道健康的危害及其对矿床职业开采的影响
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Damby D
通讯作者：
Damby D
用于快速评估巴布亚新几内亚拉包尔火山火山灰健康危害的矿物学分析和体外筛选试验
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Le Blond J
通讯作者：
Le Blond J